Ch12 Addressing The Problems And Crafting Verified Test Bank

CHAPTER 12

Multiple-Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is a resource issue faced by the court system?
   1. Gender inequality.
   2. Adequate number of well-trained judges.
   3. Judicial decisions based on public sentiment.
   4. Shortage of attorneys.
2. Which of the following comprises the greatest portion of the U.S. criminal justice budget?
   1. Police services.
   2. Correctional services.
   3. Judicial services.
   4. Legal services.
3. The Center for Judicial Independence was formed in response to attempts to remove judges from their positions as the result of
   1. Judicial misconduct.
   2. Corruption.
   3. Affiliation with a political party.
   4. Unpopular rulings.
4. The legislature is permitted to ____________ a court’s jurisdiction.
   1. Expand.
   2. Contract.
   3. Both a and b.
   4. Neither a nor b.
5. Which of the following is a primary area of conflict between court managers and elected court clerks?
   1. Case scheduling.
   2. Budgeting.
   3. Personnel management.
   4. None of the above.
6. Allowing individuals to act as their own attorneys disrupts which of the following goals of the courtroom work group?
   1. Group cohesion.
   2. Efficiently disposing of cases.
   3. Reducing uncertainty.
   4. All of the above.
   5. None of the above.
7. Which of the following is not a reason that alternative dispute resolution is employed?
   1. Reduction in the number of outside parties involved.
   2. Lower expenses to parties.
   3. Lower expenses to courts.
   4. Reduction in potential damages.
8. _____________ is the basic tenet of mediation.
   1. Adversity.
   2. Cooperation.
   3. Competition.
   4. Passivity.
9. The role of a mediator is most comparable to that of a(n)
   1. Judge.
   2. Jury.
   3. Guide.
   4. Onlooker.
10. The most common type of case resolved through mediation is
    1. Divorce.
    2. Contract negotiation.
    3. Credit dispute.
    4. Probate.
11. The most common type of cases resolved through the rent-a-judge system are
    1. Injuries from traffic accidents.
    2. Custody disputes involving minor children.
    3. Inheritance issues in contested wills.
    4. Employment contracts.
12. Which of the following is a criticism of the rent-a-judge program?
    1. Delayed conflict resolution.
    2. Shortage of participating judges.
    3. Lack of satisfactory outcomes.
    4. Court proceedings conducted in secret.
13. In a minitrial, a judge issues a(n) _____________ opinion.
    1. Advisory.
    2. Binding.
    3. Elective.
    4. Discretionary.
14. Which of the following is not a change that has been made to more effectively handle sexual assault cases?
    1. Enactment of rape shield laws.
    2. Use of the chivalry hypothesis.
    3. Utilization of victims’ advocates.
    4. Sensitivity training for police officers.
15. The use of scientific evidence in identifying criminal offenders first emerged in what country?
    1. The United States.
    2. England.
    3. France.
    4. Spain.
16. Which of the following has contributed most significantly to the national attention on wrongful convictions?
    1. DNA testing.
    2. Alternative dispute resolution.
    3. Terrorism cases.
    4. Resource challenges.
17. Which of the following is considered the primary cause of wrongful convictions?
    1. False confessions.
    2. Prosecutorial misconduct.
    3. Misleading forensic science.
    4. Eyewitness misidentification.
18. Which of the following cases addressed prosecutorial misconduct?
    1. Miller v. Pate.
    2. Kimbrough v. United States.
    3. Hamdan v. Rumsfeld.
    4. Bradwell v. Illinois.
19. According to United States v. Cronic, to successfully claim ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must be able to demonstrate a(n) _____________ error made by trial counsel.
    1. Substantive.
    2. Procedural.
    3. Specific.
    4. Qualitative.
20. Eyewitness misidentification is primarily caused by
    1. Police identification procedures.
    2. Expert testimony.
    3. Ineffective assistance of counsel.
    4. Misleading forensic science.

True/False Questions

1. In most states (and the federal government), the judicial/legal area consumes as much as half of the government’s budget.

a. True

b. False

2. The courts are dependent on legislative bodies to fund their budgets.

a. True

b. False

3. One of the lingering issues facing the courts is the influence of campaign contributions on the decisions of judges that are elected.

a. True

b. False

4. Only about one-third of the states now have an administrative office of courts.

a. True

b. False

5. When a person acts as his own attorney this is known as pro se representation.

a. True

b. False

6. Negotiation, mediation, and arbitration are forms of alternative dispute resolution.

a. True

b. False

7. The chivalry hypothesis suggests that women are treated more harshly than men by the justice system.

a. True

b. False

8. Minorities tend to be disproportionately represented among the nation’s offender population.

a. True

b. False

9. The use of DNA evidence in criminal cases was pioneered by Dr. Alec Jeffreys of England.

a. True

b. False

10. Eyewitnesses are seldom wrong in identifying criminal suspects.

a. True

b. False

Essay Questions

1. Discuss the personnel challenges faced by the court system. Is it just that the court system has little or no say in determining the number of judgeships in a jurisdiction? Is it fair that the number of court system personnel is substantially lower than that of other components of the justice system? Explain your reasoning.
2. Discuss the various methods of alternative dispute resolution and their respective advantages and disadvantages. What types of cases can be most effectively resolved through the various ADR methods?
3. Discuss the treatment of female offenders in the criminal justice system. What theories are available to explain the differences in treatment of males and females? Which, if any, seems to account for fewer women being arrested and convicted of crimes? Explain your reasoning.
4. Explain the theories that may account for the overrepresentation of minorities in the criminal justice system. Which, if any, seems to be correct? Explain your reasoning.
5. Discuss the prosecution of enemy combatants and the issues this presents for the U.S. legal system.

Matching Questions

1. Court reform organization that focuses on issues such as judicial independence.
2. Idea that the justice system often acts in ways that are more punitive toward female offenders.
3. Determines how much the court system receives in funding.
4. The administrative arm of various court systems.
5. Occurs when an individual takes a case to court acting as his or her own attorney.
6. Designed as a substitute for lengthy and expensive court adjudication.
7. Prevents evidence of a victim’s prior sexual history from being admitted at trial.
8. Position created as the result of concerns over delays in the administration of justice.
9. Refers to a crime victim being injured by the offender and the justice system.
10. Idea that the justice system is less punitive and more forgiving toward women accused of crimes.