Ch11 Physical And Cognitive Development In Early Test Bank

Essentials of Life-Span Development, 6e (Santrock)

Chapter 11 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood

1) The transition from adolescence to adulthood has been referred to as emerging adulthood, which occurs from approximately ________ years of age.

A) 12 to 18

B) 18 to 25

C) 21 to 26

D) 20 to 30

2) According to Jeffrey Arnett, which of the following statements accurately describes emerging adulthood as a time during which individuals are self-focused?

A) Emerging adults have little in the way of social obligations, which leaves them with a great deal of autonomy in running their own lives.

B) Many emerging adults don't consider themselves adolescents or full-fledged adults.

C) Emerging adults experience residential changes during early adulthood, which commonly leads to instability in love, work, and education.

D) Many individuals experience key changes in identity during emerging adulthood.

3) "Many emerging adults are optimistic about their future, and for emerging adults who have experienced difficult times while growing up, emerging adulthood presents an opportunity to direct their lives in a more positive direction." These are the two ways described by Jeffrey Arnett in which emerging adulthood can be viewed as

A) a period of stability.

B) the period of social responsibilities.

C) the age of possibilities.

D) a time of feeling "in-between."

4) The concept of emerging adulthood has been criticized as applying mainly to

A) individuals with a master's degree.

B) young adults who engage in unhealthy behaviors.

C) adolescents who are privileged.

D) individuals living in limiting economic conditions.

5) In the United States, the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood is

A) holding a more or less permanent, full-time job.

B) moving into one's own home.

C) getting married.

D) having a child.

6) Which of the following statements is true about the various markers of adulthood?

A) In developing countries, marriage is hardly a significant marker for entry into adulthood.

B) Economic independence is one of the key markers of adult status, but achieving it has been considered a long process.

C) Marriage is the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood among industrialized countries such as America.

D) The criteria for adulthood remain the same across different types of economies.

7) In a study conducted by Nelson and others (2007), both parents and college students agreed that taking responsibility for one's actions and ________ are important aspects of becoming an adult.

A) physical maturity

B) spiritual maturity

C) developing emotional control

D) community service

8) James, an American, will be most likely considered as an adult by his peers and community when he ________, whereas Nirmal, who lives in Bangladesh, will be most likely considered as an adult by his community when he ________.

A) moves out of the house; graduates from college

B) gets a full-time job; gets married

C) turns 21; becomes financially independent

D) gets married; buys his first home

9) In nonindustrialized countries, marriage—the marker for entry into adulthood—usually occurs ________ the adulthood markers in the United States.

A) much earlier than

B) much later than

C) around the same time as

D) immediately after

10) Just as the transition from elementary school to middle or junior high school involves change and possible stress, so does the transition from high school to college. The two transitions have many parallels. Which of the following is one of them?

A) movement to a more personal school structure

B) increased parental monitoring

C) the top-dog phenomenon

D) decreased interaction with peers

11) Which of the following is a positive feature of the transition from high school to college?

A) decreased focus on achievement and its assessment

B) opportunities to explore different lifestyles and values

C) reduced peer pressure

D) movement to a smaller, more personal school structure

12) According to the surveys conducted by the Higher Education Research Institute at UCLA, which of the following is true of college students?

A) Among U.S. college freshmen, the interest in developing a meaningful philosophy of life has decreased.

B) Concern for the well-being of others has remained the same among college students over the years.

C) In recent years, traditional-aged college students have shown a decreased concern for personal well-being.

D) An increasing number of first-year college students report having higher levels of stress and depression.

13) Most of us reach our peak physical performance

A) before the age of 30, often between the ages of 19 and 26.

B) often between the ages of 15 and 22.

C) before the age of 20.

D) before the age of 22, often between the ages of 14 and 19.

14) Which of the following athletes would be most likely to peak the earliest?

A) a golfer

B) a swimmer

C) a marathon runner

D) a baseball player

15) Ajith was able to pursue gymnastics with the support and encouragement from his family. During his career as a sportsperson, he represented his country at several international gymnastic competitions. In the context of physical performance and development, which of the following is most likely true of Ajith?

A) He reached his peak performance in his early thirties.

B) He became a gymnast during his late twenties.

C) He was 42 years old when he participated in his first international event.

D) He won most of his medals during his late teens.

16) Muscle tone and strength usually begin to show signs of decline around the age of ________.

A) 25

B) 30

C) 40

D) 20

17) Which of the following reflects a key finding of the research conducted by Park and others (2006) on the mortality rates of emerging adults?

A) Among males, suicide is the highest cause of mortality than unintentional injuries.

B) The mortality rate among male adolescents is higher than emerging adults.

C) The mortality rates of emerging adults are more than twice the mortality rates of adolescents.

D) Usually, females are chiefly responsible for the higher mortality rates of emerging adults.

18) In the context of health, which of the following statements is true of emerging adults?

A) They have more than twice the mortality rate of adolescents.

B) They are less likely to engage in health-compromising behaviors than adolescents.

C) They are less likely to be obese or have a mental disorder than adolescents.

D) They eat regular meals and avoid consuming snacks during the day.

19) A longitudinal study by Harris and others revealed that most bad health habits that were engaged in during adolescence ________ in emerging adulthood.

A) receded

B) did not continue

C) remained unchanged

D) increased

20) Emerging adults fail to develop health-promoting habits because they

A) believe that good genes will override any unhealthy behaviors.

B) lack knowledge about which behaviors are healthy and unhealthy.

C) are reluctant to be seen as health-conscious.

D) do not consider how their lifestyle will affect them later in life.

21) A study conducted by Grant, Wardle, and Steptoe explored links between health behavior and life satisfaction in more than 17,000 individuals between 17 and 30 years of age in 21 countries. The young adults' life satisfaction was found to be positively related to

A) exercising regularly.

B) alcohol consumption.

C) fiber intake.

D) increasing fat intake.

22) According to a recent international comparison of 33 developed countries conducted by the OECD, which of the following countries was found to have the highest percentage of obese adults?

A) The United States

B) Italy

C) Norway

D) Japan

23) Being overweight or obese is linked to increased risk of

A) cancer.

B) Down syndrome.

C) anemia.

D) hypertension.

24) According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society, which of the following statements is true about an individual's sleep?

A) The level of stress is independent of the quality or amount of sleep.

B) Family and social obligations predominantly lead to long hours of sleep in an individual's life.

C) Usually five hours of sleep a day is necessary for the optimal performance of an individual.

D) Chronic sleep deprivation may contribute to cardiovascular disease and a shortened life span.

25) According to recent studies, the most effective programs for losing weight include

A) music.

B) exercise.

C) reading.

D) dieting.

26) Rhett is looking for the most effective way to lose his excess weight and keep it off. You would tell him that the most effective weight-loss programs invariably include

A) a calorie-reducing diet.

B) daily weigh-ins.

C) exercise.

D) counseling.

27) Brian was of average weight throughout his childhood and in college. However, he has gained more than 30 pounds over the past 18 months and has become obese. Which of the following is most likely to be the cause of his obesity?

A) the decline in food prices in his region

B) the absence of physical activity in his daily routine

C) the lower availability of energy-saving devices

D) the decline in his mental health problems

28) Which of the following is an example of aerobic exercise?

A) weight lifting

B) cycling

C) bodybuilding

D) sprinting

29) Sustained exercises such as jogging or swimming that stimulate heart and lung activity are known as

A) calisthenics.

B) strength training.

C) flexibility exercises.

D) aerobic exercises.

30) Which of the following statements about the benefits of exercise is true?

A) About 50 percent of adults get the recommended levels of physical activity.

B) Exercise can be as effective in reducing depression as psychotherapy.

C) Only intense physical activities will produce important physical gains.

D) Exercise has little impact on self-concept and in reducing anxiety.

31) Fathima frequently experiences feelings of sadness and hopelessness. She constantly feels tired and has also developed insomnia. Upon consulting a doctor, she is diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Fathima's doctor is most likely to recommend she

A) increase her screen time.

B) spend less time socializing.

C) increase her intake of fast food.

D) cycle for 30 minutes daily.

32) According to a longitudinal study by John Schulenberg and his colleagues, by the time individuals reach their late twenties, ________ the use of alcohol and drugs.

A) many would have reduced

B) most of them would have increased

C) almost all would have ceased

D) most of them would have been addicted to

33) Which of the following describes extreme binge drinking?

A) about eight drinks a week

B) about five drinks a week

C) ten or more drinks in a row

D) eight or more drinks in a row

34) Binge drinking peaks at about

A) 16 to 18 years of age.

B) 21 to 22 years of age.

C) 17 to 19 years of age.

D) 24 to 26 years of age.

35) Which of the following statements is true about sexual activity in emerging adulthood?

A) Surveys usually indicate that slightly less than 10 percent of individuals have experienced sexual intercourse at the beginning of emerging adulthood (age 18).

B) According to Lefkowitz and Gillen, emerging adulthood is a time frame during which most individuals are unmarried but are hardly sexually active.

C) Most individuals have had sexual intercourse by the end of emerging adulthood (age 25).

D) Casual sex is more common in the late twenties than in emerging adulthood.

36) Which of the following is the average age of marriage for males in the United States?

A) 30.2

B) 29.5

C) 26.8

D) 25.4

37) Emerging adulthood is a time frame during which most individuals are

A) in exclusive relationships and married.

B) abstaining from sex and unmarried.

C) sexually active and unmarried.

D) sexually active and married.

38) Which of the following is included in the patterns of heterosexual behavior for males and females in emerging adulthood?

A) Emerging adults are less likely than young adults to have had sexual intercourse with two or more individuals.

B) Males report being more selective about their sexual partners than females.

C) Casual sex is more common in emerging adulthood than in the late twenties.

D) Emerging adults have sex more frequently than young adults.

39) Which of the following statements accurately reflects a key finding from the 1994 "Sex in America" survey?

A) Most Americans have sex twice a week or more.

B) Married and cohabiting couples have sex more often than noncohabiting couples.

C) Most men and women have always remained faithful to their partners and have avoided any adulterous relationship.

D) Women think about sex far more than men do.

40) Marie is reluctant to marry because she is worried that her husband might cheat on her. You would tell her that adultery is

A) widespread in the United States.

B) a problem in almost half the marriages in the United States.

C) clearly the exception rather than the rule.

D) a problem most married couples in the United States have faced at some point or the other.

41) According to Petersen and Hyde, which of the following statements is true about sexual attitudes and behavior among men and women?

A) Men usually hold stronger permissive attitudes about casual sex than their female counterparts.

B) Women usually engage more in pornography use and casual sex than men.

C) Women have slightly more sexual experience than men for most aspects of sexuality.

D) Latino and Asian males have more permissive sexual attitudes than African males.

42) In 1994, Robert Michael and his colleagues conducted a comprehensive survey of American sexual patterns. Results from this "Sex in America" survey suggested that Americans' sexual lives are ________ than previously believed.

A) more conservative

B) less conservative

C) more active

D) less active

43) Results from the "Sex in America" survey suggest that adult sexual behavior is ruled by ________ and ________ for most Americans.

A) abstinence; marriage

B) kinkiness; infidelity

C) marriage; monogamy

D) noncohabitation; polygamy

44) Which of the following statements about sexual orientation is considered true today?

A) Most individuals have a bisexual orientation.

B) Sexual orientation is an either/or proposition where individuals are either heterosexual or homosexual.

C) Sexual orientation is a continuum from exclusive male-female relations to exclusive same-sex relations.

D) Individuals of different sexual orientations have different physiological responses during sexual arousal.

45) The critical-period hypothesis could explain

A) why homosexuals seem to be aroused by the same types of tactile stimulation as heterosexuals.

B) how sexual orientation is mostly a product of culture and life experiences.

C) why some clinicians consider homosexuality the product of an abnormality of the brain.

D) why sexual orientation is difficult, if not impossible, to modify.

46) In the context of bisexuality, which of the following statements is true?

A) There is a lack of evidence to support that bisexuality is a stable orientation, which involves attraction to both sexes.

B) Women are usually more likely than men to identify themselves as bisexuals.

C) Physiological responses for bisexuals during sexual arousals vastly differ from those who are heterosexuals.

D) Bisexuality is predominantly viewed as sexual attraction to males than to females.

47) Manny has contracted a virus that is destroying his body's immune system. Manny most likely has

A) AIDS.

B) herpes.

C) syphilis.

D) gonorrhea.

48) Clara has been recently diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection. She has fevers frequently and has chronic fatigue. She is also losing weight at an alarming rate. There is no cure for her condition. Given this information, it can be said that Clara has been diagnosed with ________.

A) syphilis

B) chlamydia

C) AIDS

D) genital warts

49) Which of the following statements is true about genital herpes?

A) It is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum.

B) It is a very rare infection affecting only one in 100,000 cases.

C) It is commonly called the drip or clap.

D) It involves an eruption of sores and blisters.

50) Dylan was recently diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection. The infection led to sores developing on his anus. Eventually, a skin rash broke out on the bottom of his feet. Given this information, it can be said that Dylan was diagnosed with

A) genital herpes.

B) genital warts.

C) syphilis.

D) chlamydia.

51) Condoms are less effective against the spread of

A) syphilis.

B) herpes.

C) chlamydia.

D) gonorrhea.

52) According to Piaget, which of the following is the final stage of cognitive development?

A) the sensorimotor stage

B) the concrete operational stage

C) the formal operational stage

D) the preoperational stage

53) According to Jean Piaget, at approximately 11 to 15 years of age, adolescents enter the ________ stage of cognitive development.

A) formal operational

B) concrete operational

C) preoperational

D) sensorimotor

54) According to Jean Piaget, which of the following characterizes the thinking of 7- to 11-year-olds?

A) preoperational thinking

B) formal operational thinking

C) concrete operational thinking

D) sensorimotor thinking

55) Piaget stressed that young adults are more quantitatively advanced in their thinking than adolescents in the sense that

A) they engage in less logical and abstract thinking.

B) they have more knowledge.

C) they enter the concrete operational stage at about 18 years of age.

D) they engage in more idealistic thinking.

56) According to Piaget, the ________ stage of cognitive development characterizes adults as well as adolescents.

A) formal operational

B) concrete operational

C) sensorimotor

D) preoperational

57) Which of the following is a similarity in the reasoning of Jean Piaget and information-processing psychologists?

A) The cognitive ability of adolescents and young adults are quantitatively identical.

B) Adolescents are capable of concrete operational thinking, and only in adulthood do individuals enter the formal operational stage.

C) Adults think more idealistically than adolescents do.

D) Adults especially increase their knowledge in a specific area.

58) Some theorists have pieced together cognitive changes in young adults and proposed a new stage of cognitive development. This stage is termed as

A) preformal thought.

B) postformal thought.

C) postconventional thought.

D) preconventional thought.

59) Which of the following is a difference between formal operational thought and postformal thought?

A) realistic thinking

B) abstract thinking

C) logical thinking

D) idealistic thinking

60) Which of the following statements accurately describes postformal thought as being provisional?

A) Young adults understand that thinking must be realistic and pragmatic instead of abstract.

B) Many young adults see the search for truth as an ongoing and perhaps never-ending process.

C) Emerging and young adults are more likely than adolescents to understand that their thinking is influenced by emotions.

D) As young adults engage in solving problems, they might think deeply about many aspects of work, politics, and other areas of life.

61) According to Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, ________ refers to a heightened state of pleasure experienced when we are engaged in mental and physical challenges that absorb us.

A) bliss

B) flow

C) euphoria

D) nirvana

62) Which of the following statements is true about creativity?

A) In such fields as philosophy and history, older adults often show less creativity than they did when they were in their thirties and forties.

B) Typically, the most productive creators in any field are hardly as prolific as their least productive counterparts.

C) In such fields as lyric poetry, abstract math, and theoretical physics, the peak of creativity is often reached in the late seventies or eighties.

D) Researchers have found that creativity peaks in adulthood and then declines.

63) According to Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, the first step toward a more creative life is

A) cultivating one's curiosity and interest.

B) spending time on routine activities.

C) accepting one's limitations.

D) learning about familiar ideas.

64) Mini wants to know what activities would be most conducive to creative thinking. Based on what people reported in Csikszentmihalyi's research, you would suggest that Mini would be at her creative best during activities that

A) demand complete attention.

B) leave little time free to think about peripheral issues.

C) are semiautomatic.

D) demand practically no attention.

65) In such fields as lyric poetry, abstract math, and theoretical physics, the peak of creativity is often reached during

A) the late fifties.

B) the twenties or thirties.

C) early adolescence.

D) old age.

66) Identify the concept, recently described by Phyllis Moen, which reflects ingrained cultural beliefs that engaging in hard work for long hours through adulthood will produce a path to status, security, and happiness.

A) the American dream

B) the mythical career

C) the career mystique

D) the golden handshake

67) Jared graduates from college and starts working as a sales executive in a company. He works extra hours on most days in the hopes of getting a quick promotion. Jared believes that working long hours will earn him financial security and help him lead a happy life. Jared most likely believes in what Phyllis Moen describes as the

A) glass ceiling.

B) mythical career.

C) career mystique.

D) golden handshake.

68) In interviews with 12- to 22-year-olds about finding their purpose in life, William Damon found that

A) most expressed no aspirations and in some instances said they didn't see any reason to have aspirations.

B) the largest percentage had engaged in some potentially purposeful activities, but they still did not have a real commitment or any reasonable plans for reaching their goals.

C) most have a clear vision of where they want to go in life, what they want to achieve, and why.

D) most of those who had engaged in service learning or career counseling had a commitment and reasonable plans for reaching their goals.

69) As per the U.S. government's Occupational Outlook Handbook, which of the following statements is true of jobs?

A) Projected job growth is independent of the educational requirements.

B) According to the 2012-2013 handbook, service industries will generate the least number of new jobs in the next decade.

C) Jobs that require a college degree are least expected to grow the fastest.

D) Most of the highest-paying occupations require a college degree.

70) Which of the following is true of work patterns in the United States?

A) Most individuals spend half of their time at work.

B) Most Americans work less than 30 hours a week.

C) More than a third of Americans work 40 hours a week.

D) A majority of Americans work 51 hours or more per week.

71) Which of the following is a trend in the U.S. workforce?

A) decrease in the number of individuals who work at a series of jobs

B) disappearance of short-term career paths for adults

C) appearance of long-term careers for an increasing number of individuals

D) disappearance of a long-term career for an increasing number of adults

72) Ramya is a business analyst by profession. She works in a highly stressful environment. Her manager often yells at her and fails to appreciate her when she completes her tasks on time. Based on the results of a national survey of U.S. adults by the American Psychological Association in 2007, Ramya

A) is likely to view stress as a positive thing.

B) will be less productive because of stress.

C) is likely to accept a promotion.

D) will not make important career decisions based on stress.

73) As per the survey conducted by the American Psychological Association in 2007, the leading source of stress at the workplace was identified to be ________.

A) low salaries

B) uncertain job expectations

C) long working hours

D) sexual harassment

74) Which of the following statements is true about expectations at the workplace?

A) Researchers Hall and Mirvis suggest that very few adults usually have changing expectations about work.

B) Many workers today want less control over their work schedules.

C) There is always absolute concurrence between the expectations of the employers and the expectations of the employees.

D) Most employers offer very little flexibility to their employees.

75) Which of the following statements is true about working while in college?

A) Working more hours results in a decline in grades.

B) Working while in college has largely positive effects.

C) Working while in college is to be discouraged as it does not contribute to education in any way.

D) College students who work more hours have better grades than those who do not work.

76) Which of the following statements is true of unemployment in the United States?

A) Unemployment rates in the United States have drastically decreased in recent years.

B) Individuals who cope best with unemployment often refrain from relying on the earnings of other family members.

C) Unemployment is associated with a decreased mortality risk for individuals in the early and middle stages of their careers.

D) Unemployment is related to physical problems, emotional problems, marital difficulties, and homicide.

77) Which of the following statements is true about the impact of unemployment on an individual?

A) Researchers have found that unemployment is related to homicide.

B) Life satisfaction drops considerably following unemployment and completely returns upon reemployment.

C) Temporary unemployment is the only scenario in which stress is not experienced.

D) Marital difficulties decline significantly following unemployment.

78) Identify the stage in life during which some individuals show resilience in moving their life in a positive direction following a troubled adolescence.

79) Identify the term given recently to refer to the transition from adolescence to adulthood that occurs from approximately 18 to 25 years of age.

80) In developing countries, for which stage of life is marriage often a significant marker for entry?

81) Identify the form of sustained exercise (e.g., jogging or swimming) that stimulates heart and lung activity.

82) What is sometimes thought of either as simply a stepping-stone to homosexuality or as an indicator of sexual fluidity?

83) According to Piaget, ________ are more quantitatively advanced in their thinking in the sense that they have more knowledge than adolescents.

84) According to recent research, during which stage of life does creativity peak?

85) In which field of study does the personality trait of openness to experience predict creativity?

86) According to recent research by Roelfs and others, what was associated with an increased mortality risk for individuals in the early and middle stages of their careers?

87) List the five key features identified by Jeffrey Arnett as characterizing emerging adulthood.

88) Describe the markers of becoming an adult in the United States. How are the criteria for adulthood in developing countries different from those in the United States?

89) According to research conducted by Wu and others in 2009, what is the best strategy to lose weight?

90) What are the sexual patterns and desires of women when compared with men?

91) What are the gender differences that appear in heterosexual relationships that also occur in same-sex relationships?

92) List two reasons that deaths due to HIV/AIDS have begun to decline in the United States.

93) What is postformal thought like in practice?

94) According to research, during which stage in life does creativity peak and when does it decline?

95) List six strategies suggested by Mihaly Csikszentmihaly to cultivate one's curiosity and interest.

96) Based on interviews with 12- to 22-year-olds, what were William Damon's findings about adolescents' and young adults' sense of purpose?

97) Discuss the impact of working while in college.

98) What are some of the physical and psychological effects of unemployment?