Ch10 Full Test Bank Aggression

Chapter 10

Aggression

Total Assessment Guide (T.A.G.)

Topic	Question Type	Remember the Facts	Understand the Concepts	Apply What You Know	Analyze It
10.1 What Is Aggression?	Multiple Choice	1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 27, 28, 29, 30	7, 8, 9, 11, 21, 22, 25, 26	5, 6, 19, 20, 31	23, 24, 32
	Short Answer			100, 101, 102	103
	Essay				111, 112
10.2 Coping with Feelings of Annoyance	Multiple Choice	33, 50	34, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 53	35, 40, 44, 52, 54	36, 39, 55
	Short Answer		104, 105, 106
	Essay				113, 114, 115
10.3 Gaining Material and Social Rewards	Multiple Choice	61, 62, 69	56, 59, 60, 64, 65, 67, 68	57, 58, 63, 66
	Short Answer		107	108
	Essay		117		116
10.4 Gaining or Maintaining Social Status	Multiple Choice		70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77, 79, 82, 83, 84	75, 78, 80	76, 81, 85
	Short Answer		109		110
	Essay		118	119
10.5 Protecting Oneself or Others	Multiple Choice	86, 88	87, 91, 92, 93		89, 90
	Short Answer
	Essay
10.6 Reducing Violence	Multiple Choice		95, 97, 99	94	96, 98
	Short Answer
	Essay			120

Chapter 10 Aggression

Multiple Choice Questions

1) Who was the leader of the “Family” whose members were responsible for killing seven people in Los Angeles over two days in 1969?

A) Ted Bundy

B) Jeffrey Dahmer

C) Charles Manson

D) Jim Jones

Learning Objective: None

Topic: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology. 1.1

2) __________ is behavior intended to injure another person.

A) Assertiveness

B) Deviance

C) Aggression

D) Anger

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: What Is Aggression?

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology; 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

3) Assertiveness is __________.

A) behavior that is hurtful and stems from angry feelings

B) behavior intended to express dominance or confidence

C) behavior intended to hurt someone without face-to-face confrontation

D) behavior intended to injure someone in face-to-face conflict

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: What Is Aggression?

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

4) __________ is behavior intended to express dominance or confidence.

A) Instrumental aggression

B) Emotional expression

C) Assertiveness

D) Indirect aggression

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: What Is Aggression?

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

5) Dawn orders some other children off of the playground because she feels it’s her turn on the swing. Dawn’s behavior may be described as __________.

A) aggressive

B) assertive

C) indirect

D) affiliative

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: What Is Aggression?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

6) Aggression is considered to be behavior, intentional, and __________.

A) emotional

B) aimed to hurt

C) violent

D) inconsequential

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: What Is Aggression?

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

7) Which statement is true of aggression?

A) It is always associated with anger.

B) It does not have a purpose.

C) It is emotion.

D) Its purpose is to hurt another person.

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: What Is Aggression?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

8) Which of the following actions is an example of aggression?

A) teasing someone as a joke

B) being very angry at someone

C) physically attacking someone

D) thinking bad thoughts about someone

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: What Is Aggression?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

9) Indirect aggression is __________.

A) behavior that is hurtful and stems from angry feelings

B) behavior intended to express dominance or confidence

C) behavior intended someone without face-to-face confrontation

D) behavior intended to injure someone in face-to-face conflict

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: Different Types of Aggression

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10) __________ is behavior intended to hurt someone without fact-to-face confrontation.

A) Instrumental aggression

B) Emotional expression

C) Assertiveness

D) Indirect aggression

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: Different Types of Aggression

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11) Which of the following is an example of indirect aggression?

A) engaging in malicious gossip

B) kicking someone in anger

C) verbally threatening another person

D) shoving someone out of your way

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: Different Types of Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

12) Direct aggression is __________.

A) behavior that is hurtful and stems from angry feelings

B) behavior intended to express dominance or confidence

C) behavior intended to hurt someone to accomplish some other goal

D) behavior intended to injure someone in face-to-face conflict

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: Different Types of Aggression

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

13) __________ is behavior intended to hurt someone to his or her face.

A) Instrumental aggression

B) Direct aggression

C) Assertiveness

D) Indirect aggression

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: Different Types of Aggression

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14) Emotional aggression is __________.

A) behavior that is hurtful and stems from angry feelings

B) behavior intended to express dominance or confidence

C) behavior intended to hurt someone without face-to-face confrontation

D) behavior intended to hurt someone to his or her face

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: Different Types of Aggression

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

15) __________ is behavior that is hurtful and stems from angry feelings.

A) Emotional aggression

B) Direct aggression

C) Assertiveness

D) Indirect aggression

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: Different Types of Aggression

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

16) An individual finds out he lost his job. The next day, he storms into the office where he used to work and shoots some of his coworkers because he was “just so angry at all of them.” This action would be classified as __________.

A) indirect aggression

B) assertive aggression

C) emotional aggression

D) instrumental aggression

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: Different Types of Aggression

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

17) Instrumental aggression is __________.

A) behavior that is hurtful and stems from angry feelings

B) behavior intended to express dominance or confidence

C) behavior intended to hurt someone without face-to-face confrontation

D) behavior that is hurtful to another in order to accomplish a nonaggressive goal

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: Different Types of Aggression

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

18) __________ is behavior that is hurtful to another in order to accomplish a nonaggressive goal.

A) Emotional aggression

B) Direct aggression

C) Instrumental aggression

D) Indirect aggression

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: Different Types of Aggression

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

19) Adrian spreads rumors about his colleague because Adrian is jealous of him and wants to work his shift. He hopes the rumors will get his colleague fired. This is an example of __________.

A) instrumental aggression

B) emotional aggression

C) assertive aggression

D) direct aggression

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: Different Types of Aggression

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

20) A member of a gang goes into a liquor store and insults and threatens the store owner so that he will start to pay the gang regular “protection” money. This type of aggression may be classified as __________.

A) indirect and instrumental

B) indirect and emotional

C) direct and instrumental

D) direct and emotional

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: Different Types of Aggression

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

21) According to government statistics, the percentage of murders committed by men and women suggests that __________.

A) the percentage of murders committed by women is increasing

B) the percentage of murders committed by women is decreasing

C) men and women each commit approximately half of all murders

D) women do not commit murder

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: Sex Differences in Aggression May Depend on Your Definition

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

22) Studies of homicides committed by men versus women across the past four decades indicate that __________.

A) men and women committed an equal number of homicides

B) men committed the vast majority of homicides

C) women committed the vast majority of homicides

D) women committed a larger percentage of homicides at the end of the period being studied than at the beginning

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: Sex Differences in Aggression May Depend on Your Definition

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

23) Different studies of aggression have yielded conflicting results regarding the issue of whether men or women are more aggressive. Which statement best clarifies this issue?

A) Men are more likely to be instrumentally aggressive, but women are more likely to be emotionally aggressive.

B) Men used to be much more aggressive than women, but in current society, women are just as aggressive as men.

C) Women are more aggressive than men, but the effects are almost always milder.

D) Men commit more acts of direct aggression than women do, but women commit more acts of indirect aggression than men do.

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: Sex Differences in Aggression May Depend on Your Definition

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

24) Which statement is true regarding female physical aggression in relationships?

A) Females tend to be less physically violent in relationships than males.

B) The damage that results from female acts of physical violence is more severe than that inflicted by men.

C) Female physical violence in relationships often is motivated by self-defense.

D) Females are incapable of aggression.

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: Sex Differences in Aggression May Depend on Your Definition

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

25) What is the main reason that humans probably do not have a “death instinct,” as Freud postulated?

A) Human beings don’t kill themselves in large numbers.

B) Human beings don’t kill other people in most societies.

C) A drive toward death would not have survived natural selection.

D) All of Freud’s theories have been proven wrong by empirical research.

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: The Goals of Aggressive Behavior

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

26) Freud proposed that one major source of aggression was __________.

A) an instinctive desire to kill others who look different

B) a death instinct that is redirected toward others

C) displacing our frustration at high-status individuals toward low-status individuals

D) neurotic anxiety

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: The Goals of Aggressive Behavior

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

27) Konrad Lorenz proposed that just like animals, humans have an innate urge to __________.

A) make friendships

B) attack

C) increase self-esteem

D) express their emotions

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: The Goals of Aggressive Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

28) An indirect expression of aggression away from the target of anger is called __________.

A) displacement

B) catharsis

C) indirect aggression

D) emotional aggression

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: The Goals of Aggressive Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

29) Displacement is __________.

A) an indirect expression of aggression away from the source of your anger

B) a discharge of aggressive impulses

C) behavior intended to hurt someone without face-to-face confrontation

D) behavior that is hurtful to another in order to accomplish a nonaggressive goal

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: The Goals of Aggressive Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

30) Catharsis is __________.

A) an indirect expression of aggression away from the source of your anger

B) a discharge of aggressive impulses

C) behavior intended to hurt someone without face-to-face confrontation

D) behavior that is hurtful to another in order to accomplish a nonaggressive goal

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: The Goals of Aggressive Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

31) Edgar has had a miserable day. He was in a minor fender bender, missed a deadline at work and then got into an argument with his brother. Instead of going straight home, he goes to the gym to lift weights to release pent-up emotions. Edgar’s behavior is an example of __________.

A) direct aggression

B) displacement

C) emotional aggression

D) catharsis

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: The Goals of Aggressive Behavior

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

32) Why is it unlikely that aggression is a goal in itself?

A) Aggression carries the risk of injury or retaliation.

B) Humans are programmed to be blindly aggressive.

C) Aggression does not serve any adaptive goals.

D) Aggression is never a useful strategy.

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: The Goals of Aggressive Behavior

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

33) The theory that aggression is an automatic response to any blocking of goal-directed behavior is __________.

A) the cathartic–aggression hypothesis

B) the indirect–aggression hypothesis

C) the frustration–aggression hypothesis

D) the excitation–transfer theory

Learning Objective: 10.2 Understand the distinctions between the frustration–aggression theory, excitation-transfer theory, and cognitive neoassociation theory, and discuss the factors in the person and situation that influence arousal-driven aggression.

Topic: The Frustration–Aggression Hypothesis

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

34) Which statement best describes the reformulated frustration–aggression hypothesis?

A) Frustration is only linked to instrumental aggression.

B) Frustration is only linked to indirect aggression.

C) Frustration only leads to aggression for people who are naturally aggressive.

D) Frustration is only linked to emotional aggression.

Topic: The Frustration–Aggression Hypothesis

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

35) You ask your professor whether you may take an exam a day late. She nicely says no and reminds you that on the syllabus it says that exams must be taken on the assigned day. You are frustrated, but you know she’s right and are not angry with her. According to the reformulated frustration–aggression hypothesis, how will you react?

A) You will react aggressively because the professor has frustrated you.

B) You will displace your aggression toward the professor onto your friends.

C) You have no negative feelings toward the professor and will not react aggressively.

D) You will react with instrumental aggression.

Topic: The Frustration–Aggression Hypothesis

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

36) Which statement is accurate regarding Berkowitz’s reformulation of the frustration–aggression hypothesis?

A) Frustration is not linked to emotional aggression.

B) Frustration does not cause aggression.

C) Frustration causes indirect aggression but not direct aggression.

D) Any event that leads to unpleasant feelings can lead to aggression.

Topic: The Frustration–Aggression Hypothesis

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

37) The idea that any form of internal arousal can enhance aggressive activity is associated with the __________.

A) excitation-transfer theory

B) reformulated frustration–aggression hypothesis

C) frustration–aggression hypothesis

D) arousal–frustration hypothesis

Learning Objective: 10. 2 Understand the distinctions between the frustration–aggression theory, excitation-transfer theory, and cognitive neoassociation theory, and discuss the factors in the person and situation that influence arousal-driven aggression.

Topic: Feelings of Arousal and Irritability

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

38) In a test of the excitation-transfer theory, women in the Cantor and colleagues study who were annoyed by another woman and then shown a nonviolent erotic film were __________.

A) sexually attracted to the woman who annoyed them

B) aggressive toward the woman who annoyed them

C) less aggressive later than those shown a neutral film

D) sexually aroused but not aggressive

Topic: Feelings of Arousal and Irritability

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

39) Shira comes back from her ten-mile run and is frustrated that her husband Takeshi didn’t do any chores while she was out. According to the excitation-transfer theory of aggression, how is Shira likely to react when she sees him?

A) She will react to Takeshi normally.

B) She will be sexually attracted to Takeshi because she is physiologically aroused.

C) She will feel as though she loves Takeshi even more than usual.

D) She will act aggressively toward Takeshi because she is physiologically aroused.

Topic: Feelings of Arousal and Irritability

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

40) Mateo is very competitive and has been very successful in business, though he has had a number of conflicts with people who work for him. Which statement about Mateo is most likely to be correct?

A) He is at an increased risk for heart disease.

B) He has a Type B personality.

C) He is not prone to physiological arousal when he is angry.

D) He doesn’t get annoyed when he is running late.

Topic: Feelings of Arousal and Irritability

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

41) Research studies have found that Type A bus drivers, as compared to Type B bus drivers, __________.

A) drive more aggressively and get into more accidents

B) drive more slowly

C) get more tickets but generally drive more safely

D) drive more aggressively but have fewer accidents

Topic: Feelings of Arousal and Irritability

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

42) One of the main differences between the original frustration–aggression hypothesis and the reformulated hypothesis is that, according to the newer version, __________.

A) only frustration can lead to aggression

B) frustration never leads to aggression

C) many types of unpleasant conditions can lead to hostility

D) frustration always leads to aggression

Topic: Unpleasant Situations

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

43) The study by Berkowitz in which “supervisors” had to put a hand in either painfully cold ice water or room temperature water showed that __________.

A) the part of the brain that senses “wetness” and “dryness” is directly related to aggression

B) pain usually leads to lower levels of aggression toward others

C) pain is unrelated to aggressive behavior

D) pain can lead to aggression toward others

Topic: Unpleasant Situations

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

44) Two people are given the opportunity to administer shocks to other participants in an experiment. One is placed in a room where the temperature is 95 degrees, and the other is placed in a room where the temperature is 70 degrees. Which person is likely to administer more shocks?

A) the person in the 70-degree room, because colder temperatures are linked to aggression

B) the person in the 70-degree room, because he or she would be more focused on the task

C) the person in the 95-degree room, because higher temperatures are linked to aggression

D) neither, because temperature is unrelated to aggression

Topic: Unpleasant Situations

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

45) Hovland and Sears’s study of the correlation between the price of cotton and the number of lynchings in the American South from 1882–1930 showed __________.

A) that farmers in the South were particularly prone to aggression during that time period

B) that as the level of poverty increased, lynchings decreased

C) that there was no relationship between poverty and aggression

D) that poverty was related to higher levels of aggression

Topic: Unpleasant Situations

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

46) The concept of relative deprivation states that __________.

A) people who think they are less well off economically than others around them tend to commit more aggressive acts

B) people with fewer relatives tend to commit more aggressive acts

C) people who are deprived of attention tend to commit more aggressive acts

D) people who are deprived of what they once had tend to commit fewer aggressive acts

Topic: Unpleasant Situations

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

47) The cognitive-neoassociation theory is known as the theory __________.

A) that emphasizes situational cues, negative feelings, and memories as stored in interconnected networks as inputs toward either fight or flight responses

B) that anger is physiologically similar to other emotional states and that any form of emotional arousal can enhance aggressive responses

C) that a group of characteristics, including time urgency and competitiveness, are associated with a higher risk of coronary disease

D) that any unpleasant situation triggers a complex chain of internal events, including negative emotions and negative thoughts

Topic: Annoyance Leads to Changes in Perception of Situations

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

48) The theory that situational cues, negative feelings, and memories stored in interconnected networks act as inputs toward either fight or flight responses is known as the __________.

A) excitation-transfer theory

B) negative network theory

C) arousal feedback theory

D) cognitive-neoassociation theory

Topic: Annoyance Leads to Changes in Perception of Situations

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

49) In support of the cognitive-neoassociation theory, participants in the Pedersen and colleagues study transferred their hostility from an obnoxious experimenter to a research assistant __________.

A) when they were annoyed by the obnoxious experimenter

B) when the research assistant made some annoying mistakes

C) when they failed an anagram task

D) when the research assistant was nicer than the experimenter

Topic: Annoyance Leads to Changes in Perception of Situations

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

50) The tendency for weapons, such as guns, to enhance aggressive thoughts, feelings, and actions is known as the __________.

A) weapons effect

B) excitation-transfer effect

C) anger-displacement effect

D) hostility effect

Topic: Annoyance Leads to Changes in Perception of Situations

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

51) The weapons effect is most closely tied to the __________.

A) original frustration-aggression hypothesis

B) reformulated frustration–aggression hypothesis

C) cognitive neoassociation theory

D) two-factor theory

Topic: Annoyance Leads to Changes in Perception of Situations

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

52) Your town’s council has decided your downtown’s main plaza needs a new sculpture that consists of a large number of guns attached together. You oppose such a plan, saying that, according to research on __________, the sculpture might increase aggressive behavior downtown.

A) catharsis aggression theory

B) excitation transfer theory

C) the weapons effect

D) the frustration–aggression hypothesis

Topic: Annoyance Leads to Changes in Perception of Situations

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

53) In the Berkowitz and LePage study of the weapons effect, in which condition did participants deliver the largest number of shocks to other subjects?

A) when they were rewarded and there were no weapons present

B) when they were annoyed and there were no weapons present

C) when they were rewarded and there were weapons present

D) when they were annoyed and there were weapons present

Topic: Annoyance Leads to Changes in Perception of Situations

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

54) Paula has a Type A personality. According to your textbook, which of the following job situations is Paula most likely to choose for herself?

A) salesperson as a small boutique

B) waitress in a nearby diner

C) librarian

D) emergency room physician

Topic: Some People Create Their Own Annoying Situations

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

55) Which statement describes an example of the cycle of aggression to frustration?

A) Aggression leads to alienation of authorities, which leads to rejection or job loss and then to frustration.

B) Aggression leads to rejection, which leads to fighting with friends and then to frustration.

C) Aggression leads to failure at school, which leads to poor grades and then to frustration.

D) Aggression leads to the alienation of friends, which leads to frustration.

Topic: Some People Create Their Own Annoying Situations

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

56) The social learning theory of aggression states that aggression __________.

A) is heavily influenced by culture

B) is the result of a genetic tendency to be aggressive

C) is caused by the way that one perceives the comments and actions of others

D) is learned by being rewarded for aggressiveness

Learning Objective: 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Topic: Social Learning Theory: Rewarding Violence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

57) Jason grows up watching extremely violent television shows and is always praised by his father for fighting with other children and “standing up for himself.” According to social learning theory, how is Jason likely to deal with his frustration later in life?

A) Jason will avoid situations that might provoke aggression.

B) Jason will talk out his frustrations instead of acting aggressively.

C) Jason will respond to frustration with aggressive behavior.

D) Jason will display reactance against his father’s approach and respond to frustration with empathy.

Learning Objective: 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Topic: Social Learning Theory: Rewarding Violence

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

58) Fourteen-year-old Michael Carneal shot eight of his classmates in Paducah, Kentucky, shortly after watching the movie Basketball Diaries, in which Leonardo DiCaprio committed a similar act of violence. This is an example of __________.

A) catharsis aggression theory

B) the social learning of violence

C) excitation transfer theory

D) the frustration–aggression hypothesis

Learning Objective: 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Topic: Social Learning Theory: Rewarding Violence

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

59) In Bandura’s famous “Bobo Doll” experiments, children __________.

A) were afraid of the Bobo Doll due to associations with violence

B) who watched a model get rewarded for punching the Bobo Doll imitated the behavior of the model and punched the doll

C) who watched a model get punished for punching the Bobo Doll imitated the behavior of the model and punched the doll

D) only punched the Bobo Doll if they were offered a reward for doing so

Learning Objective: 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Topic: Social Learning Theory: Rewarding Violence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

60) Which statement is an explanation your textbook offers for why Al Capone, who many regarded as a kind man, engaged in numerous acts of aggression?

A) He was actually a very aggressive person.

B) He engaged in aggression to reap material rewards.

C) He had a Type A personality and was under continuous stress.

D) He was often around weapons, and this triggered his aggression.

Learning Objective: 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Topic: Social Learning Theory: Rewarding Violence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

61) An individual who is characterized by a lack of empathy for others, a grandiose sense of self-worth, and a lack of sensitivity to punishment is known as a __________.

A) psychopath

B) frustrated aggressor

C) schizophrenic

D) xenophobe

Learning Objective: 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Topic: Who Finds Rewards in Violence?

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

62) People with a high sense of __________ tend to find it easy to “put themselves in others’ shoes” and thus tend to be less aggressive.

A) psychopathy

B) empathy

C) sociopathy

D) communality

Learning Objective: 10. 3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Topic: Who Finds Rewards in Violence?

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

63) Sandra goes to a party and drinks too much beer. Sandra is intoxicated when a woman she does not like begins to make rude comments to her. Given Sandra’s intoxicated state, what is her reaction likely to be?

A) She is more likely to react aggressively toward the woman making rude comments.

B) She is more likely to ignore the rude comments since alcohol is relaxing.

C) She is more likely to try to renew her friendship with the woman since alcohol increases positive mood.

D) She is more likely to laugh at the woman because alcohol enhances one’s sense of humor.

Learning Objective: 10. 3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Topic: Who Finds Rewards in Violence?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

64) Abbey and colleagues (1996) concluded that alcohol intoxication might lead to date rape because of alcohol myopia, which is __________.

A) a lack of ability to focus on things in the present

B) a state of extreme sexual arousal caused by alcohol

C) an inability to control one’s actions

D) a narrow focus on whatever goal seems most important

Learning Objective: 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Topic: Who Finds Rewards in Violence?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

65) Findings related to boys watching aggressive television suggest that __________.

A) acting aggressively causes children to watch violent television

B) watching violent television causes children to act aggressively

C) children who watch violent television are more likely to act aggressively

D) there is no conclusive relationship between watching violent television and acting aggressively

Learning Objective: 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Topic: Glamorized Violence in the Media

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

66) A researcher wants to know whether exercise decreases depression. Dozens of studies that test this relationship have been conducted, so the researcher wants to combine them all to investigate the issue. The best methodology to use in this situation is __________.

A) meta-analysis

B) experience sampling

C) archival studies

D) a field experiment

Learning Objective: 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Topic: Glamorized Violence in the Media

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

67) Exposure to violent video games __________.

A) decreases aggressive behavior

B) desensitizes normal physiological arousal to real violence

C) sensitizes viewers to other people’s suffering

D) increases normal physiological arousal to real violence

Learning Objective: 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Topic: Glamorized Violence in the Media

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

68) Research on the relationship between viewing violent pornography and violent behavior has shown that pornography __________.

A) clearly causes violent behavior

B) may be related to violence, and there is cause for concern

C) only has violent effects on angry men

D) is not at all related to violence

Learning Objective: 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Topic: Glamorized Violence in the Media

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

69) In the study of moviegoers by Black and Bevan (1992), those who chose to watch an aggressive film __________.

A) were more aggressive people to begin with

B) had decreased aggressive tendencies

C) were generally Type B personalities

D) reported less aggression

Learning Objective: 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Topic: Violent Media Magnify Violent Inclinations

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

70) The evolutionary principle that the gender that contributes more resources to the upbringing and care of offspring will be more careful in selecting a mate is known as __________.

A) sexual selection

B) resource allocation

C) biparental care

D) differential parental investment

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Topic: Aggression and Sexual Selection

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

71) Among the pipefish seahorse, the male carries the young and invests many more resources in their care than does the female, who invests almost nothing. According to differential parental investment theory, which statement is probably also true of the pipefish seahorse?

A) The female is choosier when selecting a mate.

B) The female is more aggressive than the male.

C) The male is more aggressive than the female.

D) Both the male and female seahorse are choosy and aggressive.

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Topic: Aggression and Sexual Selection

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

72) In the process of __________, characteristics that assist animals in attracting mates or competing for mates with those of their own sex are favored and passed on to offspring.

A) biparental care

B) natural selection

C) sexual selection

D) selection pressure

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Topic: Aggression and Sexual Selection

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

73) The sex that is more selective in choosing mates tends also to __________.

A) be more aggressive in competition with other members of the same sex

B) be more focused on social status and hierarchy

C) try harder to attract potential mates

D) invest more heavily in the offspring

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Topic: Aggression and Sexual Selection

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

74) The findings that males commit the vast majority of same-sex homicides across cultures and across different time periods support predictions made by the __________.

A) phenomenological perspective on aggression

B) social learning explanation of aggression

C) frustration–aggression perspective on aggression

D) sexual selection explanation of aggression

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Topic: Aggression and Sexual Selection

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

75) Dr. Jones wants to increase aggressive tendencies in her experimental participants. Which of the following substances could she use to increase aggressive tendencies?

A) progesterone

B) oxytocin

C) testosterone

D) dopamine

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Topic: Sex and Testosterone

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

76) Which statement is correct regarding the connection between testosterone and aggression?

A) Testosterone is not associated with aggression in children.

B) Prisoners with high testosterone levels committed more violent crimes than prisoners with lower testosterone.

C) Males with lower testosterone have more trouble with the law.

D) Delinquents have lower levels of testosterone than non-delinquents.

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Topic: Sex and Testosterone

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

77) A study of military veterans found that, those with high testosterone levels were more likely to __________.

A) have had trouble with the law

B) have few sexual partners

C) have limited experience with violence

D) few aggressive behaviors

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Topic: Sex and Testosterone

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

78) Why are men much more likely than women to engage in violent confrontations as a result of trivial altercations?

A) Women are not capable of violence.

B) Women do not compete with other women for mates.

C) Males are unable to control their aggressive impulses as well as women.

D) Males are more concerned with their dominance status.

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Topic: Insults and the Culture of Honor

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

79) Richard Nisbett (1993) theorized that people who reside in the southern and western United States are socialized into __________, a set of societal norms with the central idea that people should be ready to defend their reputation with violent retaliation.

A) a culture of honor hypothesis

B) saving face

C) sexual selection

D) a medieval code

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Topic: Insults and the Culture of Honor

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

80) According to Nisbett’s culture of honor hypothesis, you might expect a male who had been raised in __________ to respond to an insult with violent retaliation.

A Montreal, Canada

B) Boston, Massachusetts

C) Birmingham, Alabama

D) Providence, Rhode Island

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Topic: Insults and the Culture of Honor

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

81) Which statement is correct regarding differences in violence between the northern and southern United States?

A) Homicide rates are higher in the South than in the North.

B) Southerners approve of violence more than Northerners do.

C) Northern states are less likely to have legal “retreat rules” regarding the use of deadly force in a conflict situation.

D) Southerners are more likely than Northerners to condone violence as a response to an insult.

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Topic: Insults and the Culture of Honor

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

82) The Cohen and colleagues study (1996) in which participants were insulted by an individual working at a filing cabinet revealed that __________.

A) Southern participants reacted with greater anger, but Northern participants reacted with greater amusement

B) frustrated participants reacted with greater anger than non-frustrated participants

C) participants with higher testosterone reacted with greater anger than participants with lower testosterone

D) participants reacted with greater anger when the room was hot than when it was at a comfortable temperature

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Topic: Insults and the Culture of Honor

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

83) In the study by Dabbs and Morris (1990), higher testosterone was linked to aggression only among men of low socioeconomic status because those men __________.

A) did not have good role models

B) are more susceptible to the culture of honor

C) are less able to control their aggressive impulses

D) do not have nonviolent ways to achieve status

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Topic: When Status Matters

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

84) Studies on aggressiveness and self-esteem suggest that __________.

A) people with low self-esteem are not aggressive

B) people with high self-esteem and are comfortable with themselves are aggressive

C) people with high self-esteem and are respected by others are aggressive

D) people with high self-esteem and a sense that people don’t give them enough respect are most aggressive

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Topic: When Status Matters

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

85) Which statement about status-linked aggressiveness, testosterone, and male competition for mates is correct?

A) Men who are more committed to their partners have higher testosterone levels.

B) In other species, male aggressiveness increases just before the mating season.

C) Men are the least aggressive in their late teens and twenties when their testosterone levels are highest.

D) Married men have higher testosterone levels than unmarried men.

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Topic: When Status Matters

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

86) A tendency to notice threats and to interpret other people’s behavior as intended to cause harm is called __________.

A) hostile instrumentality

B) self-serving bias

C) defensive attributional style

D) threat monitoring

Learning Objective: 10.5 Identify the features of the person that contribute to self-defensive aggression, and describe how self-defensive aggression can increase danger.

Topic: Self-Defenders

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

87) According to one survey of women waiting in a doctor’s office, __________.

A) more than 40% had been physically abused by a husband or boyfriend in their lifetime

B) virtually none had been physically abused by a husband or boyfriend in their lifetime

C) most were fearful that they would be physically abused by a husband or boyfriend in their lifetime

D) 60% had a defensive attributional style

Learning Objective: 10.5 Identify the features of the person that contribute to self-defensive aggression, and describe how self-defensive aggression can increase danger.

Topic: Self-Defenders

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

88) An assessment of the likely beneficial effect of aggressiveness balanced against the likely dangers is known as the __________.

A) potential of violent responding

B) risk assessment of aggression

C) honor balance

D) effect/danger ratio

Learning Objective: 10.5 Identify the features of the person that contribute to self-defensive aggression, and describe how self-defensive aggression can increase danger.

Topic: Self-Defenders

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

89) Why are women in abusive relationships more likely to kill their partners than to physically assault them?

A) They are unable to physically assault a larger, stronger man.

B) They are not able to control the intensity of their physical attacks.

C) Killing a partner may carry less physical risk to a woman than attacking him.

D) Women tend to be more aggressive than men when defending their own safety.

Learning Objective: 10.5 Identify the features of the person that contribute to self-defensive aggression, and describe how self-defensive aggression can increase danger.

Topic: Self-Defenders

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

90) According to the research discussed in your textbook, which statement is true regarding the effects of perceived threats on aggression?

A) College students’ homicidal fantasies usually do not involve perceived threats.

B) Teenagers’ everyday feelings of anger are often in response to perceived threats.

C) Perceived threats are largely unrelated to aggression.

D) African American male teenagers have much lower levels of perceived threats and aggression.

Learning Objective: 10.5 Identify the features of the person that contribute to self-defensive aggression, and describe how self-defensive aggression can increase danger.

Topic: Perceived Threats

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

91) In the Lightdale and Prentice 1994 study in which men and women played an aggressive video game, under which conditions were women just as aggressive as men?

A) when they could not be identified as the aggressor

B) when they were being aggressive toward another woman

C) when they were in danger

D) when they could be identified as the aggressor

Learning Objective: 10.5 Identify the features of the person that contribute to self-defensive aggression, and describe how self-defensive aggression can increase danger.

Topic: Perceived Threats

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

92) One of the great dangers of preemptive aggressive responses is that __________.

A) preemptive aggression rarely fulfills its goal of preventing aggressive responses

B) a self-fulfilling prophecy may develop: acting as if one’s world were a dangerous place may create a more dangerous world

C) preemptive aggression always leads to an increasing spiral of violence

D) preemptive aggression tends to work on men but not women

Learning Objective: 10.5 Identify the features of the person that contribute to self-defensive aggression, and describe how self-defensive aggression can increase danger.

Topic: Self-Protective Aggression Can Increase Danger

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

93) According to your textbook, what is the effect of having a gun in the home for self-protection?

A) Gun owners are less likely to be robbed.

B) Gun owners increase their own likelihood of being killed.

C) Gun owners are two times less likely to be killed in their own homes.

D) Gun owners become more paranoid of being robbed.

Learning Objective: 10.5 Identify the features of the person that contribute to self-defensive aggression, and describe how self-defensive aggression can increase danger.

Topic: Self-Protective Aggression Can Increase Danger

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

94) Brett’s parents praise him when he wins fights at school but don’t pay a lot of attention to him on days when nothing happens at school. According to the Patterson and colleagues’ aggression-reduction program, what should Brett’s parents be doing differently?

A) They should reward him on days that he is not aggressive.

B) They should ignore him on days that he is aggressive.

C) They should act indifferently toward his aggression.

D) They should increase the rewards they give him for acting aggressively.

Learning Objective: 10.6 Describe the cognitive and social factors that can be used to reduce angry arousal.

Topic: Rewarding Alternatives to Aggression

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

95) According to Zillmann, people move through three stages as they become progressively angrier. The first stage is typified by __________.

A) highly biased judgment and excessive self-concern

B) high arousal and impulsiveness

C) moderate arousal and hostility

D) balanced judgment and low to moderate arousal

Learning Objective: 10.6 Describe the cognitive and social factors that can be used to reduce angry arousal.

Topic: Rewarding Alternatives to Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

96) Research on capital punishment suggests __________.

A) it is a deterrent to homicides

B) in comparing different countries, those employing capital punishment have slightly higher homicide rates

C) in states employing capital punishment, homicide rates are lower than in states that do not have capital punishment

D) in comparing different countries, those employing capital punishment have slightly lower homicide rates

Learning Objective: 10.6 Describe the cognitive and social factors that can be used to reduce angry arousal.

Topic: Legal Punishments

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

97) One recommendation for preventing long-term problems with aggression is to identify very young children as soon as they start showing signs of threatening or bullying other children and __________.

A) give them very strong psychiatric medications to change their behavior

B) let them visit several jails or prisons so that they will be too scared to hurt others as they grow up

C) help them find better, more productive ways, to channel their aggressive tendencies into prosocial activities

D) let them experience what it is like to be threatened and bullied

Learning Objective: 10.6 Describe the cognitive and social factors that can be used to reduce angry arousal.

Topic: Prevention by Removing Threats

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

98) Which statement is correct regarding gun violence in the United States?

A) A small percentage of murders in the United States are committed with firearms.

B) When non-outlaws buy guns, they have a lower chance of being killed with a gun.

C) When Washington, D.C., passed a law restricting handguns, there was a significant increase in gun-related homicides but not in non-gun-related homicides.

D) Homicide rates in the United States are higher than in countries that don’t allow firearms.

Learning Objective: 10.6 Describe the cognitive and social factors that can be used to reduce angry arousal.

Topic: Prevention by Removing Threats

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

99) U.S. citizens are highly “protected,” owning more handguns than the citizens of any other nation. Because of this, __________.

A) U.S. citizens are safer than any citizen of another country

B) U.S. citizens are better able to protect their families and property than citizens of any other country

C) U.S. citizens have a higher chance of death by homicide than citizens of any other country

D) children living in homes where guns are present are better able to protect themselves as adults

Learning Objective: 10.6 Describe the cognitive and social factors that can be used to reduce angry arousal.

Topic: Prevention by Removing Threats

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

Short Answer Questions

100) Define aggression and assertiveness. Give an example of each.

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: What Is Aggression?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

101) Define direct aggression and indirect aggression, and provide an example of each.

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: Different Types of Aggression

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

102) Carol is trying out for the softball team and learns that she will make the cut only if a better player gets injured. Carol really wants to be on the team and deliberately injures the other player during a practice. What type(s) of aggression is (are) illustrated here?

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: Different Types of Aggression

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

103) According to Freud, what is the “death instinct”? What would an evolutionary psychologist say in response to Freud’s notion?

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: The Goals of Aggressive Behavior

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

104) What are some criticisms of the original frustration–aggression hypothesis?

Topic: The Frustration–Aggression Hypothesis

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

105) Name and describe two situational factors that can lead to aggression.

Topic: Unpleasant Situations

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

106) What is relative deprivation, and how might it impact aggressive behavior?

Topic: Unpleasant Situations

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

107) What is a psychopath, and how might psychopathy be related to aggression?

Learning Objective: 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Topic: Who Finds Rewards in Violence?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

108) Describe how alcohol intoxication is related to empathy and how both can impact aggressive behavior.

Learning Objective: 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Topic: Who Finds Rewards in Violence?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

109) What is a culture of honor?

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Topic: Insults and the Culture of Honor

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.

110) What is the relationship between competition for mates and status-linked aggression?

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Topic: When Status Matters

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

Essay Questions

111) What are the three defining features of aggression? Contrast direct and indirect aggression and then emotional and instrumental aggression?

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: What Is Aggression?

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

112) How are males and females similar and different with respect to their aggressive behaviors?

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Topic: Sex Differences in Aggression May Depend on Your Definition

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

113) What is the frustration–aggression hypothesis? What were some problems with the original hypothesis? How was the hypothesis “reformulated”?

Topic: The Frustration–Aggression Hypothesis

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

114) What is the “weapons effect” and how can the cognitive-neoassociation theory explain this effect?

Topic: Annoyance Leads to Changes in Perception of Situations

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

115) Describe the cycle of frustration and aggression.

Topic: Some People Create Their Own Annoying Situations

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

116) What is the social learning theory of aggression? How did Bandura’s “Bobo Doll” experiments demonstrate that aggressive behavior could be learned?

Learning Objective: 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Topic: Social Learning Theory: Rewarding Violence

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

117) What is meta-analysis? What were the findings of a meta-analysis that examined the effects of watching violent media on aggressive behavior in children and adolescents?

Learning Objective: 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Topic: Glamorized Violence in the Media

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology.; 1.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving.; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychology phenomena.; 2.4 Interpret, design and conduct basic psychological research.; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

118) Describe the theory of differential parental investment and sexual selection.

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Topic: Aggression and Sexual Selection

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

119) Describe the culture of honor and its relation to aggression. In which regions of the United States is the culture of honor most prevalent? Describe one experiment that tested hypotheses derived from the culture of honor.

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Topic: Insults and the Culture of Honor

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

120) According to Raymond Novaco, how can one use cognition to manage angry arousal?

Learning Objective: 10.6 Describe the cognitive and social factors that can be used to reduce angry arousal.

Topic: Reducing Violence

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Revel Quiz Questions

The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Social Psychology: Goals in Interaction, 7e.

End of Module Quiz 10.1: What Is Aggression?

EOM Q10.1.1

Which of the following statements is correct?

A man who screams threats at his former boss because he is angry about losing his job is engaging in direct emotional aggression.
If a man knocks over an old lady in a crowded mall because he was obsessing over an angry argument with his boss rather than paying attention, this would be defined as aggression.

Consider This: Aggression is defined as behavior intended to injure another. This man was not intending to injure the old lady. 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

A man who spreads a rumor about someone with whom he is competing for a job is engaging in direct instrumental aggression.

Consider This: Indirect aggression is an attempt to hurt someone without obvious face-to-face contact. Because spreading rumors hurts someone without face to face contact, it falls under this category. 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

A military interrogator who punches a suspected terrorist to get him to turn in a collaborator is engaging in indirect instrumental aggression.

Consider This: Indirect aggression is an attempt to hurt someone without obvious face-to-face contact. Punching is a physical behavior that takes place face to face and is, therefore, not indirect. 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOM Q10.1.2

Which of the following is true of gender differences in aggression?

Men are more likely to engage in criminal violence.
Compared to men, women are more likely to attack their intimate partners in ways that require medical treatment.

Consider This: The opposite of this is true. 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Men and women commit similar levels of violent crimes, but those for women are underreported.

Consider This: Violent crimes are instances of direct aggression. Women are more likely to use indirect aggression while men are more likely to use direct aggression. 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Men and women commit similar levels of violent crimes, but those for men are overreported.

Consider This: Males are more likely to use direct aggression while females are more likely to use indirect aggression. 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOM Q10.1.3

Modern biologically-oriented theorists believe __________.

instinctive tendencies toward aggressive behavior are only possible if they are linked to functional responses to threats and opportunities in the environment
there is reasonable support for Freud’s idea of a death instinct

Consider This: The idea of a death instinct does not fit with the theory of evolution by natural selection. Any inclination toward death instinct would be selected against. 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

aggressive impulses, like hunger, tend to build up over time and require occasional catharsis

Consider This: There is not good evidence for the catharsis theory of aggression. 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

instinctive tendencies toward aggressive behavior are not possible

Consider This: Animals willing to fight for their territories, their mates, or their resources would survive better than always avoided confrontation. 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

End of Module Quiz 10.2: Coping with Feelings of Annoyance

EOM Q10.2.1

Which of the following is correct, according to the reformulated frustration–aggression hypothesis?

Any event that leads to unpleasant feelings can lead to aggression.
Aggression must be preceded by frustration.

Consider This: Some aggressive acts don't seem to follow any particular frustration. 10.2 Understand the distinctions between the frustration–aggression theory, excitation-transfer theory, and cognitive neoassociation theory, and discuss the factors in the person and situation that influence arousal-driven aggression.

Frustration is linked to both emotional aggression and instrumental aggression.

Consider This: Frustration is linked only to emotional (or anger-driven) aggression, not to instrumental aggression. 10.2 Understand the distinctions between the frustration–aggression theory, excitation-transfer theory, and cognitive neoassociation theory, and discuss the factors in the person and situation that influence arousal-driven aggression.

Frustration can lead to aggression when it generates strong positive or negative feelings.

Consider This: Frustration is not likely to generate positive feelings, but positive feelings don't generally lead to aggression. 10.2 Understand the distinctions between the frustration–aggression theory, excitation-transfer theory, and cognitive neoassociation theory, and discuss the factors in the person and situation that influence arousal-driven aggression.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOM Q10.2.2

Jeremy is known for having conflicts with his fellow employees. He is also known as a hard worker and he has risen high in the ranks at work. Jeremy’s characteristics are consistent with __________ personality.

Type A
Type B

Consider This: Type Bs take a more laid-back approach to deadlines and competition. 10.2 Understand the distinctions between the frustration–aggression theory, excitation-transfer theory, and cognitive neoassociation theory, and discuss the factors in the person and situation that influence arousal-driven aggression.

psychopathic

Consider This: Some of the qualities associated with the correct answer include being very time-urgent and competitive, and also having a heightened risk for coronary disease. 10.2 Understand the distinctions between the frustration–aggression theory, excitation-transfer theory, and cognitive neoassociation theory, and discuss the factors in the person and situation that influence arousal-driven aggression.

sublimated

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

EOM Q10.2.3

In a study of the effects of heat on baseball pitchers, it was found that __________.

pitchers hit almost twice as many batters when the temperature was above 90 degrees
pitchers tended to hit more batters when the temperature was below 70 degrees

Consider This: At what temperatures do you think you would be most irritable? 10.2 Understand the distinctions between the frustration–aggression theory, excitation-transfer theory, and cognitive neoassociation theory, and discuss the factors in the person and situation that influence arousal-driven aggression.

air temperature had no effect on how many times a pitcher hit a batter

pitchers hit fewer batters when the temperature was above 90 degrees

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

End of Module Quiz 10.3: Gaining Material and Social Rewards

EOM Q10.3.1

According to social learning theory, aggressive behavior is caused by __________.

either direct rewards or indirect observation
direct rewards for violence only

Consider This: Watching a movie about an attractive person who kicks someone and a boy’s father buying him ice cream after the boy has been in a fight are different examples of ways aggressive behavior can be learned. 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

observing others being reinforced for aggressive behavior only

neither direct nor indirect rewards

Learning Objective: 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOM Q10.3.2

According to the text, which of the following factors is connected to rewards for violence?

empathy
self-esteem

Consider This: Self-esteem was not discussed as a factor that was connected to rewards for violence. Think about how sharing similar emotions may make violence less rewarding. 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

gender

Consider This: Gender was not discussed as a factor that was connected to rewards for violence. Think about how sharing similar emotions may make violence less rewarding 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

perfectionism

Consider This: Perfectionism was not discussed as a factor that was connected to rewards for violence. Think about how sharing similar emotions may make violence less rewarding. 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Learning Objective: 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOM Q10.3.3

Which of the following statements is correct?

Violent people choose to watch more violence, and their violent tendencies are increased by watching it.
Violence does not increase after playing graphic video games, contrary to popular belief.

Consider This: Compared with students who did not play violent video games, those with high exposure to violent video games showed a particular pattern of brain wave activity indicating that they had become desensitized to viewing violent images. 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Watching a moderate amount of violent erotica actually decreases hostility toward women.

Consider This: It is the violence in erotica, not the sexual component, that seems to be responsible for increases in aggression toward women. 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Although not every study shows the same results, meta-analyses of many such studies demonstrate a decrease in violence associated with violent media exposure.

Consider This: Meta-analyses actually suggest the opposite. 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Learning Objective: 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

End of Module Quiz 10.4: Gaining or Maintaining Social Status

EOM Q10.4.1

According to the principles of differential parental investment and sexual selection, male aggressiveness __________.

is linked to the fact that females are generally more selective about choosing mates
increases when males have offspring to protect

Consider This: To win the attention of selective females in the animal world, males often fight their way to the top of a dominance hierarchy. 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

increases when a male successfully attracts a long-term mate to defend

Consider This: If a male has attracted a long-term mate, he has already achieved the goal of finding a mate when females are selective and, therefore, has less reason to be aggressive. 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

is due to the fact that males have more to lose from a rash mating decision than women do

Consider This: Females actually have more to lose from a rash mating decision because they can become pregnant. 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOM Q10.4.2

Which of the following statements is true?

Correlational studies have found that higher testosterone levels are associated with more aggressive behaviors in boys, prison inmates, and military veterans.
Experimental administrations of testosterone led to a slight decrease in aggressive impulses of transsexuals.

Consider This: Higher testosterone levels are associated with more aggressive behaviors. 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Experimental administrations of testosterone have been shown to increase aggressiveness in college women, but not men.

Consider This: Higher testosterone levels are associated with more aggressive behaviors in both sexes. 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

High testosterone typically increases antisocial behavior in high-status (but not low-status) males.

Consider This: High testosterone does not boost antisocial behaviors in men of high status but it substantially boosts the risk of adult delinquency in men of lower status. 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOM Q10.4.3

Which of the following is a true statement regarding the “culture of honor”?

The central idea is that people (especially men) should be ready to use violent retaliation when their honor is insulted.
It is a set of societal norms more prevalent in the northeast region of the United States.

Consider This: This is the wrong region of the country. The southern and western United States are more likely to have a “culture of honor.” 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Laboratory studies have found a link between culture and honor, but the theory has received less support from studies conducted outside the lab.

Consider This: Some of the evidence of “culture of honor” comes from archival analyses of Southern laws handling situations in which the victim had insulted the perpetrator. 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Southerners are generally more violent and more criminally oriented.

Consider This: Southerners are not generally more violent and more criminally oriented. However, they are more likely to kill as part of an argument involving possible threats to men’s status. 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

End of Module Quiz 10.5: Protecting Oneself or Others

EOM Q10.5.1

Which of the features below are characteristic of a defensive attributional style?

tendency to interpret other people’s behavior as intended to do one harm
decreased tendency to notice threats from others

Consider This: More aggressive children have a tendency to believe others are threatening them. 10.5 Identify the features of the person that contribute to self-defensive aggression, and describe how self-defensive aggression can increase danger.

generally less emotional than the average child or adult

Consider This: Aggressive children have a tendency to be overly emotional. 10.5 Identify the features of the person that contribute to self-defensive aggression, and describe how self-defensive aggression can increase danger.

being an adolescent

Consider This: Having a defensive attributional style triggers reactive aggression in people of all ages, and many of the studies were done with younger children. 10.5 Identify the features of the person that contribute to self-defensive aggression, and describe how self-defensive aggression can increase danger.

Learning Objective: 10.5 Identify the features of the person that contribute to self-defensive aggression, and describe how self-defensive aggression can increase danger.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOM Q10.5.2

Which of the following is true of female violence and the effect/danger ratio?

Women generally resort to violence only in extreme circumstances, because the benefits of being aggressive against a male partner are often outweighed by the dangers.
Men and women are equally likely to kill their partners in self-defense.

Consider This: Women are relatively more likely than men to kill their partners in self-defense. 10.5 Identify the features of the person that contribute to self-defensive aggression, and describe how self-defensive aggression can increase danger.

Research indicates that women feel angry less frequently than men and thus are less likely to be aggressive against others.

Consider This: Women feel angry as frequently as men do. 10.5 Identify the features of the person that contribute to self-defensive aggression, and describe how self-defensive aggression can increase danger.

Only a small percentage of the women killed in the United States are killed by their own partners.

Consider This: More than half of the women killed in the United States are killed by their partners. 10.5 Identify the features of the person that contribute to self-defensive aggression, and describe how self-defensive aggression can increase danger.

Learning Objective: 10.5 Identify the features of the person that contribute to self-defensive aggression, and describe how self-defensive aggression can increase danger.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOM Q10.5.3

According to the text, which of the following is true?

Suicide among gun-owners’ adolescent children is four times higher than in homes without firearms.
Guns lead to more homicides than suicides.

Consider This: Guns actually lead to more suicides than homicides. 10.5 Identify the features of the person that contribute to self-defensive aggression, and describe how self-defensive aggression can increase danger.

Contrary to popular belief, White teenagers are statistically as likely as Black teenagers to be victims of homicide.

Consider This: The opposite of this is true. 10.5 Identify the features of the person that contribute to self-defensive aggression, and describe how self-defensive aggression can increase danger.

People who purchase firearms to protect themselves succeed in this goal and are less likely to be killed.

Consider This: Having a firearm is actually associated with an increased risk of death. 10.5 Identify the features of the person that contribute to self-defensive aggression, and describe how self-defensive aggression can increase danger.

Learning Objective: 10.5 Identify the features of the person that contribute to self-defensive aggression, and describe how self-defensive aggression can increase danger.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

End of Module Quiz 10.6: Reducing Violence

EOM Q10.6.1

What does Zillman’s model of “escalating aggressive behavior” have in common with Novaco’s cognitive approach to aggression reduction?

Both models consider thought processes to be crucial to the escalation of hostility.
Both models fail to acknowledge the role of physiological arousal in the escalation of hostility.

Consider This: Often when cool-headed rationality is needed the most, it goes out the window. 10.6 Describe the cognitive and social factors that can be used to reduce angry arousal.

Both models emphasize the important role of catharsis in venting angry feelings.

Consider This: Often when cool-headed rationality is needed the most, it goes out the window. 10.6 Understand how cognition can be used to reduce angry arousal.

Both models emphasize the important role of socioeconomic status.

Consider This: Often when cool-headed rationality is needed the most, it goes out the window. 10.6 Understand how cognition can be used to reduce angry arousal.

Learning Objective: 10.6 Describe the cognitive and social factors that can be used to reduce angry arousal.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOM Q10.6.2

As described, Patterson’s program for reducing aggression in children includes which of the following?

The child is awarded points for appropriate behavior and loses points every time he or she acts aggressively.
The child is awarded good points for appropriate behavior and is severely scolded for aggressive behavior.

Consider This: Aggression can be reduced if the rewards that follow hostility are extinguished and other means of attaining rewards are put in place. 10.6 Describe the cognitive and social factors that can be used to reduce angry arousal.

The child can trade in points for the privilege of engaging in a special activity in which he or she acts out pent-up aggression by punching a Bobo doll.

The child is given a treat if he or she acts appropriately and a spanking if he or she acts aggressively.

Learning Objective: 10.6 Describe the cognitive and social factors that can be used to reduce angry arousal.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

EOM Q10.6.3

According to your text, which of these claims about legal punishments for violence is true?

There are no differences in homicide rates among U.S. states with and without capital punishment.
Capital punishment has a slight deterrent effect on murder rates within the United States.

Consider This: Capital punishment does not deter murder rates within the United States. 10.6 Describe the cognitive and social factors that can be used to reduce angry arousal.

Countries employing capital punishment have slightly lower homicide rates.

Consider This: Countries that employ capital punishment have slightly higher homicide rates than those that do not. 10.6 Describe the cognitive and social factors that can be used to reduce angry arousal.

Research found that when the British press covered notorious executions between 1858 and 1921, such coverage was followed by a brief increase in homicides in London.

Consider This: When the British press covered the notorious executions a short-lived decrease in homicides followed. 10.6 Describe the cognitive and social factors that can be used to reduce angry arousal.

Learning Objective: 10.6 Describe the cognitive and social factors that can be used to reduce angry arousal.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Chapter Quiz: Aggression

EOC Q10.1

An act is defined as aggression when the harm that takes place is __________.

intended
acknowledged

Consider This: Aggression is distinguished from playfulness, when one might get hurt in an accidental manner. 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

witnessed

unintended

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOC Q10.2

Tai and Maritza are both being considered for a promotion, but there is only one spot to fill. Tai knows that the competition is close. So one day during lunch, he opens a file on Maritza’s computer and changes some figures concerning the project she is working on, knowing that this will cause her project to bomb, thereby ensuring that he gets the promotion. This illustrates what social psychological concept?

instrumental aggression
direct aggression

Consider This: This form of aggression was not done face-to-face, so it is not direct. 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

frustration–aggression

Consider This: This example does not clearly involve frustration, so much as opportunity for reward. 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

similarity

Consider This: The correct answer refers to a form of aggression defined as that which hurts another person for the purpose of accomplishing some other goal. 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

EOC Q10.3

Who is more likely to be indirectly aggressive through behaviors such as gossip and social rejection?

a woman
a teenage male

Consider This: Try considering the alternate view; that is, who would be more likely to use physical aggression such as having a fistfight? 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

a toddler

Consider This: Toddlers don’t yet have as much capacity for gossiping as do older individuals. 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

a man

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOC Q10.4

The discharge of pent-up emotions, such as aggressive energy, is called __________.

catharsis
frustration

Consider This: An example of this sort of action might be hitting a punching bag when you are feeling very angry or stressed out. 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

displacement

misplaced aggression

Learning Objective: 10.1 Define aggression and explain how men and women differ with regard to different definitions of aggression.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOC Q10.5

The reformulated frustration–aggression hypothesis suggests that frustration is linked only to __________ aggression, not to __________ aggression.

emotional; instrumental
instrumental; emotional

Consider This: Sometimes getting very frustrated can cause us to snap at someone or to lash out verbally; however, instrumental aggression is often done unemotionally. 10.2 Understand the distinctions between the frustration–aggression theory, excitation-transfer theory, and cognitive neoassociation theory, and discuss the factors in the person and situation that influence arousal-driven aggression.

indirect; emotional

Consider This: Indirect aggression involves an attempt to hurt another person without obvious face-to-face conflict. It does not involve the reason why a person acts aggressively. 10.2 Understand the distinctions between the frustration–aggression theory, excitation-transfer theory, and cognitive neoassociation theory, and discuss the factors in the person and situation that influence arousal-driven aggression.

cathartic; displaced

Consider This: Displaced aggression refers simply to aggression directed at a target other than the person who aroused the anger. 10.2 Understand the distinctions between the frustration–aggression theory, excitation-transfer theory, and cognitive neoassociation theory, and discuss the factors in the person and situation that influence arousal-driven aggression.

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

EOC Q10.6

Aggressive children get trapped in a cycle of frustration, which in turn leads to __________.

increased aggression
ambiguity

Consider This: Hot-tempered boys tend to alienate their teachers. Between frequent trips to the principal's office, they miss out on the opportunity to learn basic math and writing skills. As a consequence, they are later less qualified for jobs and suffer more unemployment. 10.2 Understand the distinctions between the frustration–aggression theory, excitation-transfer theory, and cognitive neoassociation theory, and discuss the factors in the person and situation that influence arousal-driven aggression.

social rewards

relative deprivation

Consider This: Hot-tempered boys tend to alienate their teachers. Between frequent trips to the principal’s office, they miss out on the opportunity to learn basic math and writing skills. As a consequence, they are later less qualified for jobs and suffer more unemployment. 10.2 Understand the distinctions between the frustration–aggression theory, excitation-transfer theory, and cognitive neoassociation theory, and discuss the factors in the person and situation that influence arousal-driven aggression.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOC Q10.7

In Bandura’s “Bobo doll” experiments, children tended to __________ aggressive behavior when they watched an aggressive person receiving a reward for his or her behavior.

imitate
avoid

Consider This: This research was about how children are able to learn from observing others. 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

instruct others in

be unaware of

Consider This: Children in the experiment were aware of the aggressive behavior because after observing the behavior they acted more aggressively toward the “Bobo doll.” 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Learning Objective: 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOC Q10.8

Conclusions from the meta-analysis of media and aggression __________ Bandura’s social learning theory of aggression.

support
negate

Consider This: Remember that a meta-analysis examines several different studies, looking for consistencies in the findings. 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

falsify

show minor reasons to consider

Learning Objective: 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOC Q10.9

Recent research on playing violent video games found that students who played such video games __________ relative to people who did not play video games.

were desensitized to violent images
showed less aggression due to catharsis

Consider This: This answer is false because data has found support that is contrary to the catharsis hypothesis. 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

showed reduced anger, but increased instrumental aggression

Consider This: Recall that one study examined the brain activity of the students as they played these violent video games. 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

came from impoverished households

Consider This: The study in question did not look at household differences. 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Learning Objective: 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOC Q10.10

A study of people attending violent or nonviolent movies found that __________.

a violent film increased aggressive tendencies in viewers
people who went to violent movies were less aggressive overall

Consider This: The best answer would be consistent with Bandura's observations in the Bobo doll experiment. 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

a violent film minimized aggressive tendencies in viewers

there was little difference in aggressive tendencies between viewers who had seen a violent film and those who had seen a nonviolent film

Consider This: There was a difference found in aggressive tendencies between the violent and nonviolent film viewers. 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Learning Objective: 10.3 Describe how studies of media and aggression reflect on the social learning theory, and identify who is most likely to find rewards in aggression.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOC Q10.11

From an evolutionary perspective, the fact that male animals are generally more aggressive than females is ultimately caused by __________.

females making an initially higher investment in offspring and thus being more selective in choosing mates
anomalies associated with the shorter y-chromosome

Consider This: Consider the concept of “supply and demand,” or the availability of resources, as you consider the best answer to this question. 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

developmental disorders associated with testosterone

the fact that females have greater variation in reproductive success and are unable to afford the risks associated with aggressive competition

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOC Q10.12

According to research on the culture of honor, all other things being equal, who is more likely to commit homicide as the result of an argument?

Charlie, who was raised in Georgia
Lu Mei, who was raised in Seattle

Consider This: Your text notes that in the “Old South,” it was difficult for a person to get convicted for murder if the victim had insulted the perpetrator and had refused to retract the slur. 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Heinrich, who was raised in Minnesota

George, who was raised in Maine

Learning Objective: 10.4 Explain how status-linked aggression is linked to sexual selection, testosterone, and the Southern culture of honor.

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

EOC Q10.13

The effect/danger ratio is __________.

an individual’s calculation of likely benefits of aggression, compared to the hazards
4:3 in nearly all interactions involving more than two people

Consider This: Think of the effect/danger ratio as a form of risk–reward calculation. 10.5 Identify the features of the person that contribute to self-defensive aggression, and describe how self-defensive aggression can increase danger.

a tendency to attribute dangerous intentions to other people’s behavior

behavior designed to have some effect on dangerous situations

Learning Objective: 10.5 Identify the features of the person that contribute to self-defensive aggression, and describe how self-defensive aggression can increase danger.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

EOC Q10.14

In the cognitive model for dealing with aggression in others, the “confronting the provocation” stage involves __________.

rehearsing statements that put the provocation in perspective, both in terms of one’s own situation and the behaviors being shown by the aggressor
saying things like “I can manage this situation. I know how to regulate my anger”

Consider This: This answer is the “preparing for provocation” stage. 10.6 Understand how cognition can be used to reduce angry arousal.

trying to relax

Consider This: This answer is the “coping with the arousal and agitation” stage. 10.6 Understand how cognition can be used to reduce angry arousal.

saying things such as “These are difficult situations, and they take time to work out”

Consider This: This answer is the “reflecting on the provocation” stage. 10.6 Understand how cognition can be used to reduce angry arousal.

Learning Objective: 10.6 Understand how cognition can be used to reduce angry arousal.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

EOC Q10.15

Countries that have capital punishment have __________.

slightly higher homicide rates
lower homicide rates

Consider This: Capital punishment has not been found to be a deterrent to crime. 10.6 Describe the cognitive and social factors that can be used to reduce angry arousal.

homicide rates that are no higher and no lower than other countries

Consider This: Capital punishment has not been found to be a deterrent to crime. 10.6 Describe the cognitive and social factors that can be used to reduce angry arousal.

higher homicide rates only if alcohol is involved

Consider This: Capital punishment has not been found to be a deterrent to crime. The text does not discuss any interactions between capital punishment and whether or not alcohol was involved in homicide. 10.6 Describe the cognitive and social factors that can be used to reduce angry arousal.

Learning Objective: 10.6 Describe the cognitive and social factors that can be used to reduce angry arousal.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

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Created Date:

Aug 21, 2025

Chapter Name:

Chapter 10 Aggression

Author:

Douglas Kenrick

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