Ch1 Science, Society, And Criminological Complete Test Bank - Criminology Research 4e | Test Bank by Ronet D. Bachman by Ronet D. Bachman. DOCX document preview.
Chapter 1: Science, Society, and Criminological Research
TEST BANK
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. When we conclude what we have observed or what we know to be true for some cases is true for all cases, we have committed this error in reasoning.
A. inaccurate observation
B. overgeneralization
C. resistance to change
D. illogical reasoning
Learning Objective: 1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Overgeneralization
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. A researcher believes girls are more preoccupied with the way they dress than boys. Due to this assumption, he focuses his observations only on girls and their interactions with their friends, neglecting how boys present themselves to others. This is an example of ______.
A. assumption error
B. overgeneralization
C. illogical reasoning
D. selective observation
Learning Objective: 1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Selective or Inaccurate Observation
Difficulty Level: Application
3. If a woman says she is hungry and we think she said “hunted,” we have made a(n) ______.
A. selective observation
B. inaccurate observation
C. assumption error
D. selective observation
Learning Objective: 1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Selective or Inaccurate Observation
Difficulty Level: Hard
4. Which of the following is not an important goal of social research?
A. exploration
B. evaluation
C. causation
D. description
Learning Objective: 4: Identify the four types of social research
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Social Criminological Research in Action
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. Both explanatory and evaluation research studies are concerned with the causes and effects of social phenomenA. The difference between them is that evaluation research focuses on the ______.
A. effect of particular policies or programs
B. meanings that people give their actions
C. description of the social phenomena of interest
D. consideration of the impact of social context
Learning Objective: 4: Identify the four types of social research
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Social Criminological Research in Action
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. When someone doesn’t critically evaluate the ideas of those in positions of authority, they are committing this error in reasoning.
A. illogical reasoning
B. overgeneralization
C. selective observation
D. resistance to change
Learning Objective: 1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Resistance to Change
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. The scientific method is a way of knowing that relies on empirical investigation, known as ______.
A. pseudoscience
B. methodology
C. epistemology
D. transparency
Learning Objective: 2: Define social science compared to pseudoscience
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Science Versus Pseudoscience
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. If a social service agency seeks better assessment of youth violence so they can identify needs and allocate responsibility among agencies that can meet those needs, we would say that they have ______ motivations to do research.
A. personal
B. academic
C. policy
D. epistemological
Learning Objective: 3: Explain the motivations of social research
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Why We Do Criminological Research
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. A social scientist who conducts research on youth violence after first volunteering in an organization dealing with at-risk youth may be said to have ______ motivations.
A. policy
B. academic
C. personal
D. egotistic
Learning Objective: 3: Explain the motivations of social research
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Why We Do Criminological Research
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. Research that seeks to discover the meanings people give to their actions would be conducting which type of research?
A. exploratory
B. descriptive
C. explanatory
D. evaluation
Learning Objective: 3: Explain the motivations of social research
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Why We Do Criminological Research
Difficulty Level: Medium
11. Researchers with a belief that an objective reality exists apart from the perceptions of those who observe it, are conducting research with this philosophy.
A. feminism
B. positivism
C. postpositivism
D. interpretivism
Learning Objective: 5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Positivism and Postpositivism
Difficulty Level: Hard
12. Surveys and experiments that record variation in social life in terms of categories that vary in amount are likely to employ which research method?
A. qualitative
B. constructivist
C. triangulation
D. quantitative
Learning Objective: 6: Understand the difference between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
Difficulty Level: Medium
13. A popular and versatile research method that uses a question format is a(n) ______.
A. questionnaire
B. observation
C. experiment
D. survey
Learning Objective: 6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Specific Types of Research Methods
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. The everyday error in reasoning that involves prematurely jumping to conclusions and arguing on the basis of invalid assumption is known as ______.
A. overgeneralization
B. selective observation
C. illogical reasoning
D. resistance to change
Learning Objective: 1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Illogical Reasoning
Difficulty Level: Easy
15. When we trust the judgments of people who have special training, such as a doctor or a lawyer, we are accepting ______.
A. wisdom and understanding
B. ego-based commitment
C. uncritical agreement with authority
D. none of these
Learning Objective: 1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Resistance to Change
Difficulty Level: Medium
16. When we want to understand the direct relationship between two or more things, we are using which type of research?
A. exploratory
B. descriptive
C. explanatory
D. qualitative
Learning Objective: 4: Identify the four types of social research
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Uncritical Agreement
Difficulty Level: Medium
17. The everyday error that involves the reluctance to change ideas even in light of new information is called ______.
A. overgeneralization
B. inaccurate observation
C. illogical reasoning
D. resistance to change
Learning Objective: 1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Resistance to Change
Difficulty Level: Easy
18. When we want to understand the direct relationship between two or more things, we are using which type of research?
A. exploratory
B. descriptive
C. explanatory
D. qualitative
Learning Objective: 4: Identify the four types of social research
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Uncritical Agreement
Difficulty Level: Medium
19. Social science is best defined as ______.
A. a set of logical, systematic, documented methods for investigating nature and natural processes
B. the application of scientific methods to study humanity
C. systematic selection of social objects
D. the assumption that social phenomena resemble biological and chemical phenomena
Learning Objective: 2: Define social science compared to pseudoscience
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: How the Scientific Approach Is Different
Difficulty Level: Knowledge
20. Social science overcomes the reliance on tradition or unquestioning respect for authority by ______.
A. using systematic procedures for selecting individuals to study that are representative for the groups to which we hope to generalize
B. using explicit criteria for establishing causality
C. requiring systematic methods to answer questions
D. answering questions from an ego-based commitment
Learning Objective: 2: Science Versus Pseudoscience
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: How the Scientific Approach Is Different
Difficulty Level: Easy
21. When we prematurely jump to conclusions, we are using ______.
A. the exploratory method
B. illogical reasoning
C. vague reasoning
D. all of these
Learning Objective: 1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Illogical Reasoning
Difficulty Level: Knowledge
22. Developing valid knowledge about how society is organized does not tell us how society ______.
A. may be organized at some point
B. should be organized
C. interprets its organization
D. judges empirical data
Learning Objective: 5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientation to social research
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: A Positivist Research Goal: Advancing Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Hard
23. When the data for all seven sites in the Esbensen et al. (2013) study, there were ______.
A. several differences found which supported gang affiliation as the root cause of violent offending between the experimental and control group students
B. no differences in violent offending between the experimental and control group students over the 4-year period
C. very few differences in the groups over the 6-year period
D. findings to suggest that students who participated in the G.R.E.A.T. program were more likely to become members of gangs
Learning Objective: 5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Evaluation Research
Difficulty Level: Hard
24. The belief that there is an empirical reality but that our understanding of it is limited by its complexity and by the biases and other limitations of researchers is known as ______.
A. realism
B. positivism
C. postpositivism
D. intersubjective agreement
Learning Objective: 5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Highlights
Difficulty Level: Application
25. Research with a focus on women’s lives that often includes an orientation to personal experience, subjective orientations, the researcher’s standpoint, and emotions is ______.
A. positivist research
B. realist research
C. postpositivist research
D. feminist research
Learning Objective: 5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructionist orientations to social research
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Feminist Research
Difficulty Level: Medium
26. Methods such as surveys and experiments that record variation in social life in terms of categories that vary in amount are ______.
A. inaccurate observations
B. overgeneralized methods
C. quantitative methods
D. qualitative methods
Learning Objective: 5: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
Difficulty Level: Medium
27. Participant observation, intensive interviewing, and focus groups that are designed to capture social life as participants experience it are ______.
A. quantitative methods
B. realist methods
C. epistemological methods
D. qualitative methods
Learning Objective: 5: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
Difficulty Level: Medium
28. Analysis of data collected by someone other than the researcher is known as ______.
A. feminist research
B. ineffective research
C. secondary analysis
D. none of the these
Learning Objective: 5: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Specific Types of Research Methods
Difficulty Level: Easy
29. Research in which social events of only one time period in the past are studied is known as ______.
A. mapping research
B. historical events research
C. analytical events research
D. quantitative research
Learning Objective: 5: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Specific Types of Research Methods
Difficulty Level: Medium
TRUE/FALSE
1. Selective observations are chosen because they are not in accord with the preferences or beliefs of the observer.
Learning Objective: 1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Selective or Inaccurate Observation
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Observations based on faulty perceptions of empirical reality are accurate observations.
Learning Objective: 1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Selective or Inaccurate Observation
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. Overgeneralizations occur when people conclude that what is true for some cases is true for all cases.
Learning Objective: 1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Selective or Inaccurate Observation
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. Being transparent is an important feature of the scientific method in that it requires procedures, methods, and data analyses of any study to be presented clearly for the purposes of replication.
Learning Objective: 2: Define social science compared to pseudoscience
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Science Versus Pseudoscience
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. Exploratory research is designed to identify causes and effects.
Learning Objective: 4: Identify the four types of social research
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Exploration: How Did Schools Avert a Shooting Rampage
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. Descriptive research suggests how social phenomena (such as neighborhood characteristics) affect other social phenomena (such as youth outcomes).
Learning Objective: 4: Identify the four types of social research
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Description: How Prevalent is Youth Violence?
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. Exploratory research can be used to describe the impact of social programs.
Learning Objective: 4: Identify the four types of social research
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Exploration: How Did Schools Avert a Shooting Rampage?
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. Prematurely jumping to conclusions and arguing on the basis of invalid assumptions is called illogical reasoning.
Learning Objective: 1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Illogical Reasoning
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. The goal of the traditional positivist scientific approach is to advance scientific knowledge.
Learning Objective: 5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: A Positivist Research Goal: Advancing Knowledge
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. Interpretivism is the belief that reality is socially constructed and that the goal of social scientists is to understand what meanings people give to that reality.
Learning Objective: 5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Interpretivism and Constructivism
Difficulty Level: Hard
11. The use of multiple methods to study one research question is known as triangulation.
Learning Objective: 6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. Secondary data analysis is the reanalysis of already existing datA.
Learning Objective: 6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Specific Types of Research Methods
Difficulty Level: Easy
13. Resistance to change is the reluctance to change our ideas in light of new information.
Learning Objective: 1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Resistance to Change
Difficulty Level: Easy
14. An example of ego-based commitments would be when we uncritically agree with authority figures.
Learning Objective: 1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Resistance to Change
Difficulty Level: Easy
15. Explanatory research seeks to identify causes and effects of social phenomenA.
Learning Objective: 4: Identify the four types of social research
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Explanation: What Factors are Related to Youth Delinquency and Violence?
Difficulty Level: Easy
16. Researchers with a philosophy of positivism believe that an objective reality exists apart from the perceptions of those who observe it.
Learning Objective: 5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Positivism and Postpositivism
Difficulty Level: Hard
17. Positivists believe that there is an external, objective reality but are sensitive to the complexity of the reality and limitations of the scientists who study it.
Learning Objective: 5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Positivism and Postpositivism
Difficulty Level: Hard
18. One of the positivist guidelines is that ideas should be tested against empirical reality without becoming too personally invested in a particular outcome.
Learning Objective: 5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Positivist Research Guidelines
Difficulty Level: Medium
19. Positivist guidelines say that a researcher should not maintain a skeptical stance toward current knowledge because they should have confidence in their investigations.
Learning Objective: 5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Positivist Research Guidelines
Difficulty Level: Medium
20. The constructivist paradigm is an extension of interpretivist philosophy.
Learning Objective: 5: Explain the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Interpretivism and Constructivism
Difficulty Level: Hard
ESSAY
1. Name and describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning.
1. Overgeneralization—when we conclude that what we have observed or what we know to be true for some cases is true for all cases
2. Selective observation—choosing to look only at things that align with our preferences or beliefs
3. Inaccurate observation—observations based on faulty perceptions of empirical reality
i. Illogical reasoning—prematurely jumping to conclusions and arguing on the basis of invalid assumptions.
4. Resistance to change—reluctance to change ideas in light of new information, due to ego-based commitments, excessive devotion to tradition, or uncritical agreement with authorities
Learning Objective: 1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Everyday Errors in Reasoning
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. What is social science? How does it compare to pseudoscience?
Learning Objective: 2: Define social science compared to pseudoscience
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Science Versus Pseudoscience
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. What are the motivations of social research?
Academic motivations—researchers often explore questions concerning the impact of societal conditions and their relationship to crime and violence.
Personal motivations—many researchers conduct research on an issue (like youth violence, for instance) because they want to prevent youth violence or ameliorate the consequences of the violence when it occurs.
Learning Objective: 3: Explain the motivations of social research
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Why We Do Criminological Research
Difficulty Level: Hard
4. Identify and describe the four types of social research.
or evaluative or some combination of these.
Learning Objective: 4: Identify the four types of social research.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Social Criminological Research in Action
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. What is the difference between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research?
Learning Objective: 5: Explain the differences between the positivist and constructivist orientations to social research
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Social Research Philosophies
Difficulty Level: Hard
6. What are the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods?
Learning Objective: 6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
Difficulty Level: Hard
7. What are mixed methods? What are advantages to using mixed methods?
Learning Objective: 6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
Difficulty Level: Hard
8. What are the three reasons we might commit the everyday error called resistance to change?
Learning Objective: 1: Describe the four common errors in everyday reasoning
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Resistance to Change
Difficulty Level: Easy
9. What is participant observation? Give an example.
Learning Objective: 6: Understand the difference between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. What is the NCVS? Who does it survey, and what is the topic? Why is it important?
Cognitive Domain: Application
Learning Objective: 6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods
Answer Location: Description: How Prevalent is Youth Violence
Difficulty Level: Medium
11. What is the YRBS? What does it measure?
Learning Objective: 6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Description: How Prevalent is Youth Violence
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. What is intersubjective agreement?
Learning Objective: 6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Positivism and Postpositivism
Difficulty Level: Medium
13. What is participatory action research?
Learning Objective: 6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Positivism and Postpositivism
Difficulty Level: Medium
14. What does it mean to have an integrated philosophy in research?
Learning Objective: 6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: An Integrated Philosophy
Difficulty Level: Medium
15. What is a mixed-methods type of science?
Learning Objective: 6: Understand the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods and the advantages of mixed methods
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
Difficulty Level: Medium
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Criminology Research 4e | Test Bank by Ronet D. Bachman
By Ronet D. Bachman