Cell Structure Chapter 4 12e Test Questions & Answers

Biology, 12e (Raven)

Chapter 4 Cell Structure

1) The semifluid matrix that surrounds organelles in a cell is called the:

A) ribosome.

B) cytoplasm.

C) stroma.

D) nucleoplasm.

2) A distinctive feature of eukaryotes is the organization of tightly packaged chromosomal DNA with proteins into a membrane-bound structure called a:

A) nucleolus.

B) cell.

C) nucleus.

D) plasma membrane.

3) The organelle that can collect, package, modify, and transport molecules is called the:

A) mitochondria.

B) plasma membrane.

C) vesicle.

D) Golgi apparatus.

4) Many antibiotics kill bacteria because they hinder translation by prokaryotic ________.

A) nucleoids

B) cytoskeleton

C) ribosomes

D) capsules

E) cytoplasm

5) The evolutionary process that created chloroplasts and mitochondria is:

A) endosymbiosis.

B) evolution.

C) symbiosis.

D) punctuated equilibrium.

6) Microfilaments such as actin, microtubules, and the intermediate filaments form the cell-supporting structure called the:

A) cytoplasm.

B) plasma membrane.

C) cytoskeleton.

D) nucleus.

7) Integrins are glycoproteins that help link the cytoskeleton and the:

A) cell wall.

B) extracellular matrix.

C) cytoplasm.

D) ribosomes.

8) Small cells function more effectively, because as cells become larger their surface area to volume ratio:

A) increases.

B) decreases.

C) stays the same.

D) is squared.

E) is cubed.

9) Organelles that breakdown hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen are:

A) lysosomes.

B) plastids.

C) vacuoles.

D) liposomes.

E) peroxisomes.

10) A circular molecule of DNA devoid of any histone proteins describes the chromosome of a (an):

A) bacteria

B) protozoa

C) insects

D) flowering plants

E) yeasts

11) Who first described cells?

A) Darwin

B) Golgi

C) Linnaeus

D) Hooke

E) Leeuwenhoek

12) Schleiden and Schwann stated the "cell theory," which in its modern form says:

A) all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells require oxygen and all cells arise by division of other cells.

B) all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells are the smallest living things and all cells arise by division of other cells.

C) all cells will arise spontaneously, all cells require oxygen and all cells are composed of one or more cells.

D) all organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells arise spontaneously and all cells vary in size and shape.

13) The "X" shaped chromosomal hereditary material can be packaged in this organelle in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells. This organelle is the:

A) mitochondria.

B) chloroplast.

C) nucleoid.

D) nucleus.

E) ribosomes.

14) The peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls contains a carbohydrate matrix linked together by short chains of:

A) amino acids.

B) fatty acids.

C) nucleotides.

D) water molecules.

E) steroids.

15) Prokaryotic cell movement is attributed to:

A) capsules.

B) ribosomes.

C) pili.

D) cytoskeleton proteins.

E) flagella.

16) Photosynthetic pigments in bacteria are located in the:

A) nuclei.

B) chloroplasts.

C) cell wall.

D) plasma membrane.

E) plasmids.

17) Plant cells often have a large membrane-bound sac that is used for storing water and other substances called a:

A) nucleus.

B) chloroplast.

C) Golgi body.

D) centriole.

E) central vacuole.

18) This cellular structure lacks a membrane:

A) endoplasmic reticulum

B) microbody

C) Golgi body

D) nucleoid

E) nucleus

19) Some of the functions of the eukaryotic organelles are performed in bacteria by the:

A) plasma membrane.

B) nucleoid area.

C) cell wall.

D) capsule.

E) flagella/cilia.

20) The cytoplasmic space in eukaryotic cells is occupied by many diverse membrane-bound structures with specific cellular functions called:

A) flagella.

B) organelles.

C) cilia.

D) chromosomes.

E) receptors.

21) Ribosomes are made up of:

A) only DNA molecules.

B) only RNA molecules.

C) DNA and RNA.

D) only protein molecules.

E) protein and RNA.

22) The eukaryotic organelle that is directly involved in the transport of proteins synthesized on the surface of the rough ER is called the:

A) mitochondrion.

B) vacuole.

C) smooth ER.

D) Golgi body.

E) nucleus.

23) In eukaryotes, mitochondria are the organelles primarily involved in:

A) energy release/capture.

B) phospholipid assembly.

C) export of enzymes.

D) lipid synthesis.

E) protein synthesis.

24) The major histocompatibility complex is important in a T-cell's ability to:

A) recognize specific bacteria.

B) recognize specific viruses.

C) recognize self from nonself.

D) recognize specific parasites.

25) Nuclear pores permit the passage of all the following except:

A) RNA only outward.

B) proteins inward and outward.

C) DNA molecules only outward.

26) The nucleolus is the site of:

A) protein synthesis.

B) ribosome assembly.

C) chromosome replication.

D) lipid synthesis.

E) uncoiling and unraveling of chromosomes.

27) Chromosomes can be condensed into compact structures, visible with the light microscope, but usually only:

A) after the cell is dead.

B) during cell division.

C) while the DNA is being copied into RNA.

D) while the proteins are being assembled.

E) while the nuclear pores are open.

28) A doctor diagnosis a child with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) a disorder in which there is an accumulation of long fatty acid chains accumulating in the cells of the central nervous system. The issues arise with malfunctions in enzymes associated with which organelle?

A) Golgi bodies

B) ribosomes

C) vacuoles

D) peroxisomes

E) endoplasmic reticulum

29) Peroxisomes are examples of:

A) chromosomes.

B) lysosomes.

C) microbodies.

D) nucleosomes.

E) ribosomes.

30) Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the other organelles besides the nucleus that contain:

A) DNA.

B) pores.

C) channels.

D) plasma membranes.

E) pigments.

31) The organelle involved in the oxygen-requiring process by which the energy harvested from macromolecules is used to generate ATP is the:

A) nucleus.

B) lysosome.

C) ER.

D) mitochondria.

E) chloroplasts.

32) Cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of:

A) microtubules in a 9 + 2 arrangement.

B) actin filaments in a 9 + 2 arrangement.

C) protein fibers in a helical arrangement.

D) nine triplets of microtubules in a circle.

33) The distinctive feature of chloroplasts is that they contain a green pigment called:

A) Gram stain.

B) chlorophyll.

C) hemoglobin.

D) chromatin.

E) keratin.

34) The spreading of cancer cells, wound healing, and blood clotting all rely on the same type of cell movement called:

A) swimming.

B) crawling.

C) whipping.

D) waving.

35) A team of researchers is studying the external structures on the dorsal (back) surface of a spider mite. The spider mite seems to be the habitat of an even smaller mite, which is approximately 0.05mm. While they can see the dorsal surface of the spider mite with their naked eye, they cannot see the mite clearly. The researchers are writing a grant to provide support for a microscope to use to study these new mites. They need to purchase a microscope with a high magnification to observe the new mites on their habitat.  Based on the information given, what type of microscope would you suggest?

A) transmission electron microscope

B) scanning electron microscope

C) binocular compound light microscope

D) no microscope is powerful enough to see the smaller mite

36) A cytologist is examining a tissue under an electron microscope. He notices that the endoplasmic reticulum of each cell is extremely rough in appearance and he knows that the rough appearance is because of the ribosomes embedded there. He asks why there are so many ribosomes. You respond,

A) "This tissue exports lipids and is very involved with mRNA production."

B) "This tissue exports proteins to other areas of the body."

C) "This tissue exports various nucleic acids, hence the large number of ribosomes present on the endoplasmic reticulum in each of those cells."

37) You stain a cell with a dye that reacts with an enzyme found in the lysosome. You would also expect to see this dye in the:

A) endoplasmic reticulum.

B) cytoplasm.

C) nucleus.

D) mitochondria.

38) A cell biologist has developed a new drug that blocks vesicle transport at the cis face of the Golgi apparatus. What will this drug prevent from happening inside a cell?

A) The synthesis of proteins or lipids on the endoplasmic reticulum.

B) The movement of the lipids and proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.

C) The movement of materials from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane.

D) The movement of vesicles from mitochondria to the Golgi apparatus.

39) Plants, fungi and bacterial all have:

A) cell walls

B) chloroplasts

C) nuclei

D) lysosomes

E) mitochondria

40) Your research project involves characterizing the expression pattern of a nuclear pore protein. After using immunohistochemistry to fluorescently label the protein, you decide that you would like to capture the data as a 3-D image. Which microscope should you use?

A) phase-contrast microscope

B) fluorescence microscope

C) confocal microscope

D) scanning electron microscope

41) Sulfolobus are archaea that are commonly found in geothermal environments, with an optimum growth temperature of about 80°C. What feature allows archaea to thrive at such temperatures?

A) Archaea use the heat from their environment to produce ATP.

B) Archaea are highly adaptable to changing environmental temperatures.

C) Archaeal membranes contain special lipids.

D) Archaea have two cell walls which helps prevent heat absorption.

42) Alcohol consumption adversely affects the synthesis of molecules involved in protein degradation, which can eventually lead to liver damage. Given this information, which organelle in liver cells is most directly affected by alcohol consumption?

A) Nucleus

B) Golgi apparatus

C) Rough endoplasmic reticulum

D) Lysosome

43) You have identified an enzyme that appears to be involved in the addition of palmityl group (a fatty acid) to certain proteins. Knowing that palmitoylated proteins are usually targeted for delivery to the plasma membrane, in which organelles might this enzyme be expressed?

A) Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

B) Golgi apparatus and nucleus

C) Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes

D) Endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus

44) Given what is known about the minimal essential functions of cellular life, if you could create an artificial cell, what cellular structures must you include?

A) cell wall

B) ribosomes

C) mitochondria

D) nucleus

45) When a vesicle moves along microtubules toward the center of the cell, the molecular motor(s) ________ are used?

A) kinesin

B) dynein

C) both kinesin and dynein

D) Molecular motors are not required for movement along microtubules.

46) A protein that is destined to reach the plasma membrane is making its way through the Golgi. At that moment, a drug was added to cells, blocking trafficking at the trans face of the Golgi. As a result, what would happen to the protein?

A) The protein would continue on to the cell surface.

B) The protein would be stuck in the Golgi.

C) The protein would return to the endoplasmic reticulum via the trans face of the Golgi.

D) The protein would exit the Golgi, but instead be targeted to the cytoplasm.

47) If you were to use antibodies that were chemically bonded to a stain in order to visualize the expression pattern of a protein in a fixed tissue, what experimental techniques and equipment would be applicable?

A) immunohistochemistry, bright-field microscopy

B) DAPI or Hoechst stains, fluorescence microscopy

C) antibody interference assay, bright-field microscopy

D) immunohistochemistry, dark-field microscopy

48) During which cellular process do all three forms of RNA associate?

A) ribosome assembly

B) chromatin formation

C) formation of the nucleolus

D) protein synthesis

49) Cardiac muscle cells are connected by special junctions called intercalated discs. Intercalated discs provide strength between cells of tissues which exhibit high mechanical stress, strong flexible connections between tissue cells, and electrical excitability between the cells. Using this information, which junctions are present in intercalated discs?

A) Tight, plasmodesmata, and adherens

B) Tight, plasmodesmata, and desmosomes

C) Gap, adherens, and desmosomes

D) Gap, desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes

E) Adherens, tight, and gap

50) Based on the function of mitochondria, what substance is able to pass through the outer membrane of the mitochondria easily?

A) Oxygen

B) Sugars

C) Amino acids

D) Potassium ions

51) Individuals that are heavy smokers may eventually have trouble clearing the mucous from their lungs because the structures that move fluid along the epithelial lining of the lung become damaged over time. What are these structures called?

A) Pili

B) Flagella

C) Cell walls

D) Cilia

52) Streptomycin is an antibiotic that interferes with the function of the 30S subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome. What is the consequence of treating a bacteria with streptomycin?

A) Impaired oxygen synthesis

B) Impaired protein synthesis

C) Impaired DNA synthesis

D) Impaired ATP synthesis

53) A dish of cells is treated with centrinone, a centriole inhibitor.  These cells would no longer be able to ________.

A) make ATP

B) produce lysosomes

C) synthesize proteins

D) conduct photosynthesis

E) divide

54) When looking at plant and animal cells with an electron microscope, you notice that the plant cells have more Golgi membranes than the animal cells. This is most likely because unlike in animal cells, in plant cells the Golgi apparatus is involved in the production of:

A) cell walls.

B) cytoplasm.

C) chloroplasts.

D) mitochondria.

55) Glycogen Storage Disease Type II (GSD II), also known as Pompe disease, is a metabolic disorder that leads to the accumulation of glycogen in muscles and neurons throughout the body. It is caused by a defect in an enzyme that is normally housed with other enzymes that are involved in breaking down large macromolecules. What organelle is most likely affected by this disease?

A) Mitochondrion

B) Golgi body

C) Lysosome

D) Rough ER

E) Nucleus

56) Scientists believe that stimulating growth of algae and other organisms can reduce carbon dioxide amounts in the atmosphere. Where is carbon dioxide consumed in a plant cell?

A) Stroma in chloroplasts

B) Matrix in mitochondria

C) Number of amyloplasts

D) Central vacuole

E) Cellulose in cell wall

57) Cardiac muscle has prolonged contraction due to a sodium induced-calcium released process into the cytoplasm of the cell. Cardiac cells can communicate through pore-like channels between cells.  List the junction and the organelle involved in cardiac muscle contraction?

A) Gap; Rough ER

B) Gap; Smooth ER

C) Gap; Golgi apparatus

D) Adherens; Rough ER

E) Adherens; Smooth ER

F) Adherens; Golgi apparatus

58) Mitochondrial disorders can be caused by mutations in all the following except:

A) mitochondrial DNA

B) nuclear DNA

C) cytoplasmic DNA

59) What is the difference between mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A) Mitochondria have three membranes and chloroplasts have two membranes.

B) Mitochondria have linear strands of DNA and chloroplasts have rings of DNA.

C) Mitochondria are oxidative metabolic bacteria derivatives and chloroplasts are photosynthetic bacteria derivatives.

D) Mitochondria produce oxygen and chloroplasts produce carbon dioxide.

60) If a water molecule passes through the outer membrane of a chloroplast, how many more membranes will it have to move through to be in the stroma?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

61) As ATP moves from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the cytoplasm of a cell, how many membranes will it pass?

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

62) Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells. What is a plausible explanation? 

A) Prokaryotic cell walls limit their cell growth.

B) Prokaryotes lack the genetic material needed for protein synthesis.

C) Eukaryotes have compartmentalization, which allows for specialization.

D) Prokaryotes have more diverse energy sources.

E) Eukaryotes are immobile allowing them to grow larger.

63) A cuboidal shaped cell with six sides is 1mm x 1mm x 1mm. What is the volume and the surface area of the cell?

A) 1mm3 : 6mm2

B) 3mm3 : 3mm2

C) 1mm3 : 3mm2

D) 3mm3 : 1mm2

64) Matthew noticed that his house plants were wilting badly. Which cell structure had most likely contracted?

A) cytoplasm

B) cell wall

C) plasma membrane

D) vacuole