Body Fluid Regulation And | Test Questions & Answers Ch.36

Biology, 13e (Mader)

Chapter 36 Body Fluid Regulation and Excretory Systems

1) Which of the following excretory structures is used by birds?

A) urethra

B) cloaca

C) nephridia

D) flame cells

2) Which of the following organisms is mismatched with their organs of excretion?

A) Planarians - flame cells

B) Earthworms - nephridia

C) Malpighian tubules - reptiles

D) Kidneys - humans

3) Excretion is a process in which ________ is (are) removed from the body.

A) water

B) salt

C) feces

D) metabolic wastes

E) hormones

4) Among aquatic animals, only the blood of ________ is nearly isotonic to seawater.

A) whales

B) freshwater bony fish

C) marine bony fish

D) cartilaginous fish

E) salamanders

5) Why is it advantageous for the embryos of reptiles and birds to produce uric acid instead of ammonia?

A) Uric acid is relatively nontoxic and won't harm the developing embryo as it is stored inside of the egg.  Ammonia is far more toxic and could cause developmental problems if it was confined to the interior of an egg alongside of the embryo.

B) Uric acid will diffuse out of the shell whereas ammonia would be trapped inside of the shell with the developing embryo.

C) Uric acid can be recycled by the developing embryo and used as an alternative source of energy. Ammonia cannot be used as an alternative source of energy.

D) The uric acid can be broken down much easier than the ammonia by the excretory system of these animals.

6) Which group has the highest concentration of urea in their body fluids?

A) marine bony fishes

B) freshwater bony fishes

C) cartilaginous fishes

D) reptiles

E) birds

7) Which type of animal is most likely to gain water by osmosis from its environment?

A) marine bony fishes

B) freshwater bony fishes

C) cartilaginous fishes

D) reptiles

E) birds

8) Nitrogenous wastes are primarily produced by

A) production of nucleic acids.

B) breakdown of amino acids.

C) breakdown of fats.

D) breakdown of carbohydrates.

E) production of proteins.

9) Identify these nitrogenous wastes.

A: ________

B: ________

C: ________

10) The nitrogenous waste material of an embryo that accumulates inside the eggshell of a bird or reptile is

A) urea.

B) uric acid.

C) amino acid.

D) ammonia.

E) uracil.

11) Three types of nitrogenous wastes formed from the breakdown of protein are pictured in the diagram.

a–  Explain the relationship of the water needed to excrete the wastes and the energy required to produce the wastes.

b–  How is the energy needed to produce the waste and the water needed to eliminate the waste related to the nature of each waste product?

c–  Tell what types of organism produce each type of waste.

12) Nephridia are the paired structures used in excretion in

A) earthworms.

B) insects.

C) humans.

D) planarians.

13) A very highly soluble nitrogenous waste, excreted into water by bony fishes, aquatic invertebrates, and aquatic amphibians is

A) urea.

B) uric acid.

C) amino acid.

D) ammonia.

E) uracil.

14) The main nitrogenous waste excreted by terrestrial amphibians and mammals is

A) urea.

B) uric acid.

C) amino acid.

D) ammonia.

E) uracil.

15) Deamination of amino acids, in the excretory system, will initially result in the formation of

A) ammonia.

B) urea.

C) glucose.

D) creatinine.

E) uric acid.

16) Which of the following is NOT a nitrogenous waste product produced by the excretory systems of animals?

A) ammonia

B) urea

C) uric acid

D) bile pigments

17) Malpighian tubules are the excretory system attached to the gut in

A) earthworms.

B) insects.

C) humans.

D) planarians.

18) Why is the secretion of uric acid beneficial to organisms that live in hot and dry environments?

A) Uric acid has poor solubility in water so it will become concentrated during excretion as well as being relatively nontoxic.

B) Uric acid has a high degree of solubility in water so it will become concentrated during excretion as well as being relatively nontoxic.

C) Uric acid has poor solubility in water so it will become concentrated during excretion which allows the organism to use it as a defense mechanism.

D) Uric acid can be readily reabsorbed by the urinary system so it decreases the amount of waste produced by the organism.

19) The kidney was one of the first organs to be successfully transplanted because it is so encapsulated and has limited vessels feeding into or out of it. How many major "connections" must be cut in transplant surgery for one kidney?

A) two: the renal artery and vein

B) three: the renal artery and vein and the urethra

C) three: the renal artery and vein and the ureter

D) four: the renal artery and vein, the ureter, and urethra

E) five: the renal artery and vein, two ureters, and one urethra

20) The urinary bladder is useful because it

A) helps with defecation.

B) is a place where white cells attack bacteria.

C) stores urine to prevent constant urination.

D) transports urine to the outside of the body.

E) filters wastes and recycles nutrients back into the bloodstream.

21) Identify the labeled structures of the urinary system and its associated blood supply in the diagram. Briefly describe the function of each structure.

A: ________ E: ________

B: ________ F: ________

C: ________ G: ________

D ________ H: ________

22) Which is NOT a function of the kidneys?

A) monitoring and maintaining blood pH

B) regulating blood pressure by regulating salt balance in the blood

C) elimination of nitrogenous wastes including urea, uric acid, and creatinine

D) hormone secretion to stimulate red blood cell production and regulate sodium ion levels

E) production of water from oxygen and bicarbonate ions (HCO3)

23) Over 1 million of these microscopic units produce urine in the kidneys.

A) nephron

B) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

C) glomerulus

D) alveoli

E) microvilli

24) Although there is no connection between the female urinary and reproductive tracts, there is a connection between these systems in males because

A) urine is produced in the nephrons and sperm is produced in the ureters. Both then pass through the urethra to exit the body.

B) urine is produced in the kidneys, but passes through the seminal vesicles for further absorption of water.

C) both urine and sperm pass through the ureters, which then leads to the urethra.

D) urine is voided from the body through the urethra and the urethra carries sperm during ejaculation.

25) What is the path of an excreted water molecule as it moves from the glomerulus to collecting duct?

A) loop of nephron-glomerular capsule-proximal convoluted tubule-distal convoluted tubule-collecting duct

B) glomerular capsule-proximal convoluted tubule-loop of nephron-distal convoluted tubule-collecting duct

C) distal convoluted tubule-glomerular capsule-proximal convoluted tubule-loop of nephron--collecting duct

D) proximal convoluted tubule-glomerular capsule-loop of nephron-distal convoluted tubule-collecting duct

E) glomerular capsule-proximal convoluted tubule-distal convoluted tubule-loop of nephron-collecting duct

26) Which of the following statements about the glomerulus is INCORRECT?

A) Blood pressure primarily accounts for filtration.

B) Small molecules move from the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule into the glomerulus.

C) It is composed of capillaries.

D) It is connected to two arterioles.

E) It is surrounded by the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.

27) The concentration of protein in the blood is higher in post-glomerular blood than in arterial blood because

A) protein is digested and then concentrated in glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.

B) the kidney manufactures and then stores protein in the glomerulus.

C) reabsorption of protein occurs.

D) water passes into the capsule, but protein molecules are too large to move into the capsule and are concentrated in the blood.

E) water concentration increases and protein concentrations decrease.

28) Which of the following is NOT one of the three steps (processes) involved in urine formation?

A) countercurrent mechanism

B) tubular reabsorption

C) glomerular filtration

D) tubular secretion

29) Identify the labeled structures in the diagram of nephron anatomy.

a: ________

b: ________

c: ________

d: ________

e: ________

f: ________

g: ________

h: ________

i: ________

j: ________

k: ________

l: ________

30) Water follows sodium ions out of the renal filtrate in the tubules and into blood by means of

A) tubular reabsorption.

B) tubular secretion.

C) osmosis.

D) glomerular filtration.

31) Penicillin leaves the blood plasma through tubular walls and not through the glomerulus. Therefore, penicillin is removed from the blood by the process of

A) osmosis.

B) glomerular filtration.

C) tubular secretion.

D) diffusion.

E) tubular reabsorption.

32) Nutrient molecules are taken back into the blood from the urinary filtrate by means of

A) tubular reabsorption.

B) tubular secretion.

C) osmosis.

D) glomerular filtration.

33) Selective reabsorption of glucose and amino acids occur in the ________ of the nephron.

A) glomerulus

B) distal convoluted tubule

C) proximal convoluted tubule

D) collecting duct

E) loop of the nephron (loop of Henle)

34) Glucose is found in glomerular filtrate but NOT in the urine because

A) the kidney stores glucose as glycogen.

B) kidney cells require glucose because energy is needed for active transport.

C) glucose is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.

D) glucose is converted to amino acids in the kidney.

E) glucose molecules are too large to pass through the loop of the nephron (loop of Henle).

35) Which of the following would be an indication of kidney failure?

A) urea in the urine

B) salts in the urine

C) uric acid in the urine

D) large amount of protein in the urine

E) dilute urine

36) Albumin is the large protein molecule found in egg white and blood plasma. Table salt dissociates into sodium and chloride ions. Urea is assembled in the liver. In a healthy person, what is the fate of the majority of these molecules as they pass through a nephron?

A) All three remain in the bloodstream.

B) All three move into the glomerular capsule and are excreted in urine.

C) All three move into the glomerular capsule but the salt ions are mostly reabsorbed.

D) Albumin remains in the blood and salt ions and urea moved into the glomerular filtrate and excreted in the urine.

E) Albumin remains in the blood, salt ions move into the filtrate but most are reabsorbed, and the urea moves into the filtrate and is excreted in the urine.

37) Normally, concentrations of metabolically important substances, such as glucose, are

A) high in glomerular filtrate but only a trace in urine.

B) low in glomerular filtrate but high in urine.

C) high in glomerular filtrate and urine.

D) low in both glomerular filtrate and urine.

E) excluded from entering the excretory system altogether.

38) Patients with diabetes mellitus have frequent urination and increased thirst because

A) less water passes from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule.

B) more water is driven from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule than normal.

C) more salt is reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule.

D) an increase in sodium ions causes more nerve stimulation and triggers urination.

E) increased glucose in the urine increases its osmolarity and less water is reabsorbed by blood.

39) When people have health issues associated with their kidneys doctors may prescribe diuretic drugs. Why would someone with high blood pressure be prescribed these drugs?

A) Diuretic drugs decrease urine flow and the more fluid and watery blood is easier to pump.

B) Diuretic drugs increase urine flow and decrease the blood volume that must be pumped.

C) Diuretic drugs decrease urine flow and the kidney does not have to work as hard.

D) Diuretic drugs increase urine flow and the loss of nitrogenous wastes helps the heart.

E) Diuretic drugs increase urine flow and salt loss and salt was bad for the heart.

40) The overall effect of renin release will be to

A) lower blood pressure.

B) lower blood volume.

C) decrease hydrogen ion excretion and decrease sodium and bicarbonate ion absorption.

D) inhibit aldosterone secretion.

E) increase blood volume and pressure.

41) Which of the following nitrogenous waste products is secreted by organisms that live in water and have body surfaces in direct contact with water?

A) ammonia

B) urea

C) uric acid

D) All of the answers are correct.

E) No answer is correct.

42) Which hormone from the adrenal cortex of the kidneys will cause the distal convoluted tubules to reabsorb more sodium ions?

A) renin

B) angiotensinogen

C) angiotensin II

D) ADH

E) aldosterone

43) In aquatic vertebrates, which kidney function is critical to helping the organism maintaining homeostasis?

A) The kidneys function to maintain the balance between water and several types of salts.

B) The kidneys produce a concentrated form of urine that will help decrease the amount of water lost by the organism.

C) The kidneys have an incredible high rate of tubular reabsorption that allows them to be extremely efficient.

D) The kidneys are relatively small and only require a limited blood supply to maintain their function.

E) The kidneys will produce white blood cells that will assist the organism in defense of the body.

44) When ________ and ________ are broken down excess nitrogen is released that must be eliminated by the excretory system.

A) amino acids; nucleic acids

B) proteins; salts

C) glucose; fatty acids

D) nucleic acids; sulfur

45) If the ureter was blocked due to the development of a tumor preventing the normal flow of urine, which region of the kidney would be impacted first?

A) collecting duct

B) renal cortex

C) distal convoluted tubule

D) proximal convoluted tubule

E) glomerular capsule

46) What are the potential consequences if a person's kidney suddenly stopped secreting the normal hormones?

A) The person would have trouble regulating their blood volume and pressure due to the imbalance of salt in the bloodstream.

B) There would be an increase in the amount of water retained in the body, leading to edema.

C) There would be a significant increase in the amount of potassium that is excreted by the kidneys.

D) All of the choices are potential consequences.

47) Which substance is normally found in the glomerular filtrate but not in urine?

A) glucose

B) salts

C) water

D) uric acid

E) All are components of glomerular filtrate and urine.

48) Beyond maintaining water balance in the blood, the kidneys

A) maintain blood volume.

B) aid in regulation of blood pressure.

C) help to maintain the blood pH.

D) All of the choices are kidney functions.

49) The kidneys filter all of the blood within the human body in about 40 minutes.

50) The human kidney has an outer cortex, an inner medulla, and a renal pelvis that collects and stores urine before it leaves the kidney.

51) List, in order, the pathway urine will take starting with the glomeruli and exiting the body from the urethra.

52) Explain the four major functions of the kidneys and how they relate to homeostasis.

53) In what way does caffeine affect the urinary system?

A) Caffeine blocks the actions of ADH causing the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to reabsorb urine formation.

B) Caffeine increases the actions of ADH causing the proximal convoluted tubule to reabsorb less water which leads to an increased amount of urine formation.

C) Caffeine blocks the actions of ADH causing the proximal convoluted tubule to reabsorb more water which leads to a decreased amount of urine formation.

D) Caffeine blocks the actions of ADH causing the glomerular capsule to reabsorb less water which leads to an increased amount of urine formation.

E) Caffeine increases the actions of ADH causing the distal convoluted tubule to reabsorb less water which leads to an increased amount of urine formation.