Chapter 2: Police and Public Safety Psychology

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. The first full-time in-house psychologist was ______.

A. Martin Reiser

B. Kim Rossmo

C. Stephen Chandler

D. Louis Terman

Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and describe the common activities and tasks of police and public safety psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Police Psychology: A Developing Profession

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Family therapy is to ______ as crisis negotiation is to ______.

A. consulting; assessment

B. operational support; intervention

C. assessment; consulting

D. intervention; operational support

Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss police culture, and emphasize that it is not necessarily homogeneous.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Police Psychology: A Developing Profession

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. The rules, attitudes, beliefs, and practices that are thought to be accepted among law enforcement officers as an occupational group are known as ______.

A. operational support

B. police culture

C. candidate screening

D. psychological assessment

Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss police culture, and emphasize that it is not necessarily homogeneous.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Police Culture

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Imagine you are a psychologist who has been asked to complete a fitness-for-duty evaluation. What is the first step you would take?

A. assess whether the officer is fit to return to duty

B. conduct a job analysis

C. determine the officer’s physical fitness level

D. establish departmental credibility

Learning Objective: 2-3: Summarize the concepts of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Job Analysis

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. A psychologist who participates in the selection and training of hostage negotiation teams is conducting a ______ evaluation.

A. fitness-for-duty

B. critical incident

C. special unit

D. deadly force assessment

Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Special Unit Evaluations

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. All of the following are included in Aumiller and Corey’s domains of practice except ______.

A. augmentation

B. intervention

C. operational support

D. organizational consultation

Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and describe the common activities and tasks of police and public safety psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Police Psychology: A Developing Profession

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. CISD stands for ______.

A. Correctional Institution Standardized Development

B. Criminal Inmate Stress Disorder

C. Canadian Institute for Stress Disorders

D. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Post-Shooting Traumatic Reactions

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The systematic procedure for identifying the skills, abilities, knowledge, and psychological characteristics that are needed to do public safety work successfully is referred to as ______.

A. law enforcement screening

B. job analysis

C. preemployment screening

D. comprehensive skills analysis

Learning Objective: 2-3: Summarize the concepts of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Job Analysis

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Which statement best summarizes how law enforcement has changed during the past 20 years?

A. Agencies have become more specialized.

B. Officers are committing suicide at higher rates.

C. Agencies have become more accepting of the use of deadly force.

D. Officers are less receptive to mental health intervention.

Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and describe the common activities and tasks of police and public safety psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Law Enforcement Numbers Today

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. Which question could a police agency legally ask a candidate during the pre-offer stage of employment?

A. How long have you suffered from depression?

B. Do you have a physical or mental disability?

C. How would you handle a situation involving a suicidal citizen?

D. Do you require a wheelchair for long distances?

Learning Objective: 2-3: Summarize the concepts of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Beyond

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission divides disability inquiries into two stages. These stages are ______.

A. medical and psychological

B. performance-related and health-related

C. pre-offer of employment and post offer

D. accommodating and holding

Learning Objective: 2-3: Summarize the concepts of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Beyond

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. The screening procedure that assumes that there are traits, habits, reactions, and attitudes that distinguish outstanding from satisfactory police performance is called ______.

A. screening-in

B. screening-out

C. reasonable accommodation

D. natural selection

Learning Objective: 2-3: Summarize the concepts of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Screening Out and Screening In

Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Which test has been found to be the most valid for the selection of law enforcement personnel?

A. the IPI

B. the CPI

C. the MMPI-2

D. the 16-PF

Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conclusions on Psychological Testing for Police and Public Safety Personnel

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Why is it so difficult to predict success or failure in law enforcement work?

A. There are no standards for psychological testing.

B. Many law enforcement applicants have mental disorders.

C. Law enforcement activities are broad and heterogeneous.

D. Much of the work requires specific immeasurable personality traits.

Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Conclusions on Psychological Testing for Police and Public Safety Personnel

Difficulty Level: Hard

15. Who owns a law enforcement fitness-for-duty evaluation (FFDE) report?

A. the evaluating psychologist

B. the Federal Bureau of Investigation

C. the agency that requested the report

D. the chief of the police department

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Fitness-for-Duty Evaluation

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Who typically requests a FFDE?

A. a police psychologist

B. the department head

C. a family member of the officer

D. the officer

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Fitness-for-Duty Evaluation

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Compared to officers with only a high school diploma, officers with some college education have been shown to ______.

A. make better officers

B. have better communication skills

C. deal more effectively with adolescents

D. respond more effectively to crisis situations

Learning Objective: 2-3: Summarize the concepts of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Preemployment and Post-Offer Psychological Evaluations

Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Which type of occupational stressor is often the most prevalent and frustrating for law enforcement personnel?

A. task-related stressors

B. personal stressors

C. external stressors

D. organizational stressors

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Organizational Stress

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Which source of stress would be considered an external stressor?

A. excessive shift work

B. negative police–citizen interactions

C. exposure to death

D. substance abuse

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: External Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Officer Ludden is a 36-year-old father of twin girls who is called to the scene of an auto accident in which a drunk driver has killed a 4-year-old girl. Despite his anger and sadness, Officer Ludden stoically informs the child’s father that his daughter has died. The officer is likely experiencing ______.

A. emotional dissonance

B. cognitive subterfuge

C. external stress disorder

D. expressionless displacement

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Organizational Stress

Difficulty Level: Hard

20. Boredom and exposure to violent situations are examples of ______ stressors.

A. occupational

B. external

C. personal

D. task-related

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Task-Related Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. A critical incident is characterized by an unanticipated and ______ event.

A. nonroutine

B. violent

C. confusing

D. heroic

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Task-Related Stress

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Which program is often considered a form of racial/ethnic profiling?

A. Stop and Frisk

B. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing

C. Community-Oriented Policing

D. Peer Counseling

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: External Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Research has shown that when considering mental health services, many police officers prefer to work with ______.

A. competent mental health professionals who are not officers

B. officers who have received training in critical incidents stress debriefing

C. peer counselors who understand the cycle of violence

D. same-gender professionals

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Personal Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Which statement is correct about post-shooting traumatic reactions?

A. Most officers will experience shooting a person in the line of duty at some time in their careers.

B. Most officers experience a marital separation or divorce after a shooting incident.

C. The majority of large police agencies deny the existence of post-shooting traumatic reactions.

D. The topic of post-shooting traumatic reactions has not been adequately studied.

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Post-Shooting Traumatic Reactions

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Research suggest that the overwhelming reason for most police suicides appears to be ______.

A. financial problems

B. reactions to critical incidents

C. easy access to weapons

D. difficulties in intimate partner relationships

Learning Objective: 2-5: Examine the prevalence and risk factors for police suicide.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Police Suicide

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. The majority of all hostage situations ______.

A. are relationship-driven

B. end in death of the hostage taker

C. end in death of the hostage negotiator

D. are politically motivated

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hostage-Taking Incidents

Difficulty Level: Medium

27. Which category of hostage taker often requires the involvement of federal officials and is considered the most difficult for police officers?

A. political terrorists

B. individuals who have committed a crime

C. individuals with mental disorders

D. prisoners

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hostage-Taking Incidents

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Early warning systems are used to identify ______.

A. female officers at risk for sexual harassment

B. potential problem behaviors in officers

C. suspects who are vulnerable to coercion

D. officers who are insensitive to diversity issues

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Shooter Bias and Excessive Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. What is the goal of an FFDE?

A. to determine whether an officer is likely to use excessive force

B. to determine whether an officer is corrupt

C. to determine whether an officer has a mental disorder that would affect his or her job performance

D. to determine whether an officer can perform the basic duties required for the job

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Fitness-for-Duty Evaluation

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. What are the three phases of crisis negotiation?

A. internal, external, and post-crisis

B. buildup, acute, and resolution

C. pre-incident, intra-incident, and post-incident

D. organizational, task-related, and external

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Crisis Negotiation

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. Which of the following statements about diversity in law enforcement is correct?

A. Ethnic minorities are less well represented than women in law enforcement.

B. Women now comprise nearly one-third of all police officers nationwide.

C. The ethnic and racial makeup of a police department rarely reflects the makeup of the community it serves.

D. Non-Caucasian police officers make up under 5% of all police officers in most urban areas.

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Ethnic Minority Issues

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. As a group, female officers are more likely than men to ______.

A. be motivated toward financial rewards of law enforcement

B. become involved in incidents of excessive force

C. work in small and rural departments

D. possess better communication skills

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Racial/Ethnic Issues

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Which of the following was a key finding of the National Institute of Justice’s 1999 report on police use of force?

A. Police force is prevalent in large U.S. cities.

B. Police engage in force infrequently.

C. Police force escalates quickly.

D. Police often take out their internal rage on available suspects.

Learning Objective: 2-7: Review recent research findings on shooter bias and the use of excessive force by police.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Shooter Bias and Excessive Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. A 1992 study of police corruption by the Defense Personnel Security Research Center found that the single best predictor of corruption was ______.

A. a history of intimate partner violence

B. a pattern of violence that begins later in life

C. misconduct early in the career

D. immature and/or irresponsible behavior

Learning Objective: 2-7: Review recent research findings on shooter bias and the use of excessive force by police.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Police Corruption

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. Tragedies, death, serious injuries, and life-threatening situations that police officers encounter are called ______.

A. target effects

B. critical incidents

C. dynamic calculus

D. fear-of-failure events

Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Task-Related Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Psychologists in the 20th century provided service to police agencies primarily in what area?

A. stress management

B. hostage negotiation training

C. family counseling

D. cognitive and aptitude testing

Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and describe the common activities and tasks of police and public safety psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Police Psychology: A Developing Profession

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Selection, intervention, and post-intervention monitoring are the three basic phases of ______.

A. early warning systems

B. police corruption

C. hostage negotiation

D. job analysis

Learning Objective: 2-7: Review recent research findings on shooter bias and the use of excessive force by police.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Shooter Bias and Excessive Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Excessive force is defined as ______.

A. a level of force that exceeds what is justifiable under the circumstances

B. any illegal behavior demonstrated by an individual officer

C. a pattern of unacceptable behavior inherent in a law enforcement agency

D. the discharge of weapons outside the line of duty

Learning Objective: 2-7: Review recent research findings on shooter bias and the use of excessive force by police.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Shooter Bias and Excessive Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Which statement is the most accurate?

A. Psychological evaluations of potential law enforcement officers are required by the U.S. Constitution.

B. Psychological evaluations of potential law enforcement officers are required in the majority of states.

C. Psychological evaluations cannot be required if a law enforcement candidate refuses to participate.

D. Psychological evaluations of potential law enforcement candidates have no validity.

Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Preemployment and Post-Offer Psychological Evaluations

Difficulty Level: Hard

40. All of the following are considered critical traits for successful police officers except ______.

A. good judgment

B. physical strength

C. interpersonal skills

D. decision-making skills

Learning Objective: 2-3: Summarize the concepts of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Job Analysis

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. The most common psychological problem experienced by officers after a serious critical incident is ______.

A. post-traumatic stress disorder

B. chronic fatigue

C. Munchausen syndrome by proxy

D. substance abuse

Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Personal Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. Which of the following statements about screening-out and screening-in is correct?

A. Psychologists have been more successful at screening out undesirable candidates than at identifying desirable candidates.

B. Psychology is making little progress at identifying desirable candidates for law enforcement positions.

C. No psychological measures are available for use in screening in candidates.

D. Police psychologists have found it a great challenge to eliminate unsuitable candidates than to identify suitable candidates.

Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Screening Out and Screening In

Difficulty Level: Medium

43. If a psychological measure contains a sufficient number of items that are related to the work performed by law enforcement, it is said to have ______ validity.

A. true

B. predictive

C. concurrent

D. face

Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Screening Out and Screening In

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. Which type of validity is the most desirable yet most difficult to achieve?

A. true validity

B. predictive validity

C. face validity

D. content validity

Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Screening Out and Screening In

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. Face validity is synonymous with ______ validity.

A. true

B. predictive

C. concurrent

D. content

Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Screening Out and Screening In

Difficulty Level: Medium

46. Which of the following is not one of the common activities and tasks of police and public safety psychologist?

A. Operational support

B. Intervention

C. Consulting and research

D. In Field Evaluations

Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and describe the common activities and tasks of police and public safety psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Police Psychology: A Developing Profession

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. Which of following is not one of the most commonly used personality measures for law enforcement screening?

A. Psychopathy Checklist-Revised

B. The Minnesota Multiphase Personality inventory

C. The personality assessment inventory

D. The sixteen personality factor questionnaire

Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Commonly used inventories in police screening

Difficulty Level: Easy

48. A dual relationship is when

A. A psychologist conducting an evaluation is also the psychologist providing treatment

B. A law enforcement officer is also a victim

C. A psychologist conducting an evaluation is also related to the officer

D. A law enforcement officer is receiving treatment from a higher-ranking officer

Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and Describe the common activities and tasks of police and public safety psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Fitness-for-Duty evaluation (FFDE)

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. ______ contributes to more errors in judgement and greater increases in stress than any other factor in the police environment.

A. Excessive shift work

B. Work related trauma

C. Work related stress

D. The combination of work-related stress and personal stressors

Learning Objective: 2-5: Examine the prevalence and risk factors for police suicide

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Organization Stress

Difficulty Level: Easy

50. It is estimated that ______ as many officers die by their own hand as are killed in the line of duty.

A. Two times

B. Three times

C. Five times

D. Ten times

Learning Objective: 2-5: Examine the prevalence and risk factors for police suicide

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Police Suicide

Difficulty Level: Easy

51. An understanding of ______ is a crucial element for effective police psychologists to possess.

A. The cycle of violence

B. Victim’s rights

C. Police culture

D. The DSM

Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss police culture and emphasize that is it not necessarily homogeneous

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Police Culture

Difficulty Level: Easy

52. Officer Frantz is a 42 year old father of twin girls, called to the scene of a car accident where a drunk driver killed a 4 year old girl. Despite his anger and sadness, Officer Frantz stoically informs the child’s father that his daughter has died. According to the textbook, Officer Frantz is most likely experiencing:

A. Emotional dissonance

B. Post-traumatic stress

C. Cognitive dissonance

D. Expressionless displacement

Learning Objective: 2-5: Examine the prevalence and risk factors for police suicide

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Task-related stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Research shows that the most effective police officers are physically strong.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Summarize the concepts of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Job Analysis

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Most law enforcement officers complete their career without ever firing a weapon in the line of duty.

Learning Objective: 2-5: Examine the prevalence and risk factors for police suicide.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Post-Shooting Traumatic Reactions

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. On July 31, 2013, police and public safety psychology was officially recognized by the American Psychological Association as a professional specialty.

Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and describe the common activities and tasks of police and public safety psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Police Psychology: A Developing Profession

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. At the post-offer/pre-hire stage, a police department may make direct inquiries about disabilities.

Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Beyond

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Research shows that compared to other occupational groups, police officers have one of the highest suicide rates in the United States.

Learning Objective: 2-5: Examine the prevalence and risk factors for police suicide.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Police Suicide

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Some police agencies implicitly encourage the use of excessive force within their ranks.

Learning Objective: 2-7: Review recent research findings on shooter bias and the use of excessive force by police.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Shooter Bias and Excessive Force

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. A hostage situation is synonymous with a barricade situation.

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Hostage-Taking Incidents

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The use of psychologists in crisis negotiation is decreasing.

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Crisis Negotiation

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. The strongest reason for police suicide involves post-shooting traumatic reactions.

Learning Objective: 2-5: Examine the prevalence and risk factors for police suicide.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Police Suicide

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Schedule changes and salary disputes are examples of organizational stressors.

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Organizational Stress

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Understanding the police culture is critical to effective police psychology.

Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss police culture, and emphasize that it is not necessarily homogeneous.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Police Culture

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. The MMPI-2 was originally designed to measure psychopathology and behavioral disorders.

Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–Revised (MMPI-2)

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Typically, the smaller the police department, the more specified the police duties.

Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conclusions on Psychological Testing for Police and Public Safety Personnel

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. All police agencies have the same style, purpose, and mission.

Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss police culture, and emphasize that it is not necessarily homogeneous.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Police Culture

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. At its worst, police bias leads to excessive or fatal force.

Learning Objective: 2-7: Review recent research findings on shooter bias and the use of excessive force by police.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Shooter Bias and Excessive Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Police and public safety psychology is the research and application of psychological knowledge and clinical skills to law enforcement and public safety

Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and describe the common activities and tasks of police and public safety psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Law enforcement numbers today

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Training and experience are effective in minimizing the effect of implicit bias

Learning Objective: 2-7 Review recent research findings on shooter bias and the use of excessive force by police

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Shooter bias

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Psychologist often begin regular psychological treatments with officers after they complete their fitness for duty evaluations

Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and Describe the common activities and tasks of police and public safety psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Fitness-for-Duty evaluation (FFDE)

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Fitness-for-duty evaluations (FFDEs) are specifically for law enforcement agencies

Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and assessments

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Fitness-for-Duty evaluation (FFDE)

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. It is not necessary for police psychologist to understand police culture in order to effectively do their job

Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss police culture and emphasize that is not necessarily homogeneous

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Police Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Police culture is similar despite an officer’s rank or agency

Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss police culture and emphasize that is not necessarily homogeneous

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Police Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Why is it important for a police psychologist to be familiar with the Americans with Disabilities Act?

Learning Objective: 2-3: Summarize the concepts of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Beyond

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Choose one of the commonly used inventories in police screening. Describe the instrument, including what the test measures and what we know about its validity.

Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Commonly Used Inventories in Police Screening

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Describe three factors that make police work especially stressful when compared to other occupations. Include the category that each stressor falls under in your answer.

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Stress Management

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Identify two critical incidents that a police officer may encounter. Explain how a police psychologist may be helpful to a law enforcement agency during these times.

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Task-Related Stress

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. The available research suggests that suicide rates for law enforcement personnel are lower than that of the general population. What may explain this difference?

Learning Objective: 2-5: Examine the prevalence and risk factors for police suicide.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Police Suicide

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Name four police psychology organizations.

Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and describe the common activities and tasks of police and public safety psychologists.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Police Psychology: A Developing Profession

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Define early warning systems. What does research tell us about their effectiveness?

Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Shooter Bias and Excessive Force

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Compare and contrast screening-out and screening-in.

Learning Objective: 2-3: Summarize the concepts of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Screening Out and Screening In

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. Discuss the factors that may contribute to the lack of women in law enforcement.

Learning Objective: 2-4: Review psychological assessment methods and instruments.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Gender and Racial/Ethnic Issues

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. Describe Scrivner’s profiles of officers who are prone to excessive force complaints. What are the limitations of the study?

Learning Objective: 2-7: Review recent research findings on shooter bias and the use of excessive force by police.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Nonfatal Excessive Force

Difficulty Level: Hard

11. Compare and contrast the different types of validity

Learning Objective: 2-4 Review psychological assessment methods and instruments

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Screening out and screening in

Difficulty Level: Medium