Chapter 11: Advocacy and Lobbying

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. According to Worth, ______ have been at the forefront of every important social change in the United States.

A. women

B. students

C. politicians

D. nonprofit organizations

Learning Objective: 11-1: Describe the life cycle of a social change issue.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Chapter Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. In ______ of the life cycle of a social change issue, analysts look at the data to consider how the problem might be addressed.

A. Stage 2

B. Stage 4

C. Stage 6

D. Stage 8

Learning Objective: 11-1: Describe the life cycle of a social change issue.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Chapter Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. According to Worth, MOST nonprofits ______ lobby.

A. do not

B. actively

C. criticize

D. encourage

Learning Objective: 11-5: Explain current policy issues related to nonprofit advocacy, lobbying, and political activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Chapter Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Which action listed below is a basic right of every individual and organization in the United States?

A. lobbying

B. advocacy

C. civic engagement

D. political campaign activity

Learning Objective: 11-2: Define advocacy, lobbying, organizing, civic engagement, and political activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Basic Distinctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. A nonprofit social welfare organization is encouraging its members to write letters to members of Congress to support proposed legislation. This action is called ______.

A. advocacy

B. lobbying

C. marketing

D. public relations

Learning Objective: 11-2: Define advocacy, lobbying, organizing, civic engagement, and political activity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Basic Distinctions

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Volunteers supporting a nonprofit organization are developing a list of people who may support the organization’s cause. The term that describes their activity is ______.

A. advocacy

B. organizing

C. civic engagement

D. political campaign activity

Learning Objective: 11-2: Define advocacy, lobbying, organizing, civic engagement, and political activity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Basic Distinctions

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Members of a nonprofit organization are encouraging people in their community to vote in support of a local referendum. The term that describes their activity is ______.

A. direct lobbying

B. direct advocacy

C. grassroots advocacy

D. grassroots lobbying

Learning Objective: 11-2: Define advocacy, lobbying, organizing, civic engagement, and political activity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Basic Distinctions

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. The Johnson Amendment to the Internal Revenue Code prohibits religious organizations from participating in ______.

A. organizing

B. marketing

C. advertising

D. political activity

Learning Objective: 11-2: Define advocacy, lobbying, organizing, civic engagement, and political activity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Political Campaign Activity

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Gifts made by private foundations may be tax ______.

A. exempt

B. inventory

C. deductible

D. expenditures

Learning Objective: 11-5: Explain current policy issues related to nonprofit advocacy, lobbying, and political activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overview of Lobbying Law

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Organizations that employ professional lobbyists at the federal level MUST meet the requirements of ______.

A. the Advocacy Act

B. Public Law 94–455

C. the Civil Rights Act

D. the Lobbying Disclosure Act

Learning Objective: 11-3: Summarize federal law related to nonprofit lobbying.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Option II: 501(h) Expenditure Test

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. ______ are NOT required to disclose the names of donors to the public.

A. Private foundations

B. Charitable nonprofits

C. Social welfare nonprofits

D. Private sector organizations

Learning Objective: 11-3: Summarize federal law related to nonprofit lobbying.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overview of Lobbying Law

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. The ______ places stricter limits on what gifts members of the House of Representatives can accept from lobbyists.

A. House Rule 25

B. Lobby Law of 2007

C. Substantial Part Test

D. Lobbying Disclosure Act

Learning Objective: 11-3: Summarize federal law related to nonprofit lobbying.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Option II: 501(h) Expenditure Test

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. In June 2007, the Internal Revenue Service released a ______ clarifying what constitutes illegal campaign involvement.

A. gift rule

B. new form

C. lobbying law

D. revenue ruling

Learning Objective: 11-3: Summarize federal law related to nonprofit lobbying.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Political Campaign Activity

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. To lobby effectively, a nonprofit organization needs to understand how ______ is done at different levels of government.

A. lobbying

B. advocacy

C. legislation

D. organizing

Learning Objective: 11-2: Define advocacy, lobbying, organizing, civic engagement, and political activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Implementing an Advocacy Program

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. What type of revenues may be used to fund a lobbying effort?

A. dedicated

B. restricted

C. unrestricted

D. government

Learning Objective: 11-4: Describe the points that need to be considered when implementing an advocacy program.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Implementing an Advocacy Program

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Approaching a legislator with ______ is important to persuade a legislator.

A. facts

B. a petition

C. campaign funds

D. volunteer staff members

Learning Objective: 11-4: Describe the points that need to be considered when implementing an advocacy program.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Implementing an Advocacy Program

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. The most effective tool for persuading a legislator is a/an ______.

A. e-mail

B. petition

C. personal visit

D. handwritten letter

Learning Objective: 11-4: Describe the points that need to be considered when implementing an advocacy program.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Implementing an Advocacy Program

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Daniel is writing a letter to the editor of the local newspaper. He is encouraging citizens to join him in expressing his like of city funds supporting a local nonprofit organization. Daniel is ______.

A. lobbying

B. controlling

C. advocating

D. advertising

Learning Objective: 11-2: Define advocacy, lobbying, organizing, civic engagement, and political activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Basic Distinctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. A ______ committee is permitted to engage in partisan political activity.

A. direct lobbying

B. political action

C. nonprofit advocacy

D. private sector action

Learning Objective: 11-3: Summarize federal law related to nonprofit lobbying.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overview of Lobbying Law

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Political action committees are classified under which section of the Internal Revenue Service Code?

A. Section 501

B. Section 503

C. Section 525

D. Section 527

Learning Objective: 11-3: Summarize federal law related to nonprofit lobbying.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overview of Lobbying Law

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Which law established Option I and Option II of the substantial part test?

A. Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1942

B. Advocacy and Lobbying Act of 1973

C. the 1976 Lobby Law

D. the 1942 Grassroots Lobbying Act

Learning Objective: 11-3: Summarize federal law related to nonprofit lobbying.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overview of Lobbying Law

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. The board of directors of a statewide nonprofit organization is contacting members of the state legislature and asking them to not support legislation that would reduce the nonprofit’s level of state funding. The board is participating in ______ lobbying.

A. illegal

B. grassroots

C. self-defense

D. general public

Learning Objective: 11-3: Summarize federal law related to nonprofit lobbying.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Option II: 501(h) Expenditure Test

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) criteria specifying illegal campaign involvement are published in IRS ______.

A. Assets Ruling 89

B. Income Ruling 389

C. Campaign Ruling III

D. Revenue Ruling 2007-41

Learning Objective: 11-3: Summarize federal law related to nonprofit lobbying.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Political Campaign Activity

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. The board of directors of a nonprofit organization is studying the platforms of state legislators to identify politicians who may favor the nonprofit’s mission. The board is applying which best practice of program advocacy?

A. direct advocacy

B. forming a coalition

C. undertaking grassroots lobbying

D. understanding the legislative process

Learning Objective: 11-4: Describe the points that need to be considered when implementing an advocacy program.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Implementing an Advocacy Program

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Which type of nonprofit organization is permitted to lobby without limitation?

A. religious

B. charitable

C. social welfare

D. private foundations

Learning Objective: 11-5: Explain current policy issues related to nonprofit advocacy, lobbying, and political activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Chapter Summary

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Nonprofits often play a critical role in creating ______.

A. social change

B. family dissension

C. new private sector organizations

D. the creation of new forms of government

Learning Objective: 11-1: Describe the life cycle of a social change issue

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Chapter Summary.

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. According to Guo and Saxton, which stage of advocacy works to deepen ties with the organization’s community?

A. first

B. second

C. third

D. fourth

Learning Objective: 11-4: Describe the points that need to be considered when implementing an advocacy program.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Using Social Media

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. A nonprofit CEO and his staff are discussing the status of their nonprofit’s ability to achieve its mission. One staff member commented the organization has experienced a roller-coaster ride of ups and downs over the years and it may be time to change the organization’s processes. According to Andreasen, this nonprofit is in which stage of social change?

A. climbing the agenda

B. discovery of the problem

C. inattention to the problem

D. reassessing and redirecting efforts

Learning Objective: 11-1: Describe the life cycle of a social change issue.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Chapter Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. According to your textbook author, a common reason that nonprofits do not engage in lobbying is ______.

A. a lack of interest

B. they are too large

C. unfamiliarity with the laws

D. Internal Revenue Service disfavor

Learning Objective: 11-1: Define advocacy, lobbying, organizing, civic engagement, and political activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Chapter Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. The term “general public” refers to individuals who are members of fraternal organizations.

Learning Objective: 11-3: Summarize federal law related to nonprofit lobbying.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Option II: 501(h) Expenditure Test

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. According to Worth, a nonprofit organization may be found representing every side of an issue.

Learning Objective: 11-1: Describe the life cycle of a social change issue.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Chapter Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. A political action committee may claim tax-deductible gifts.

Learning Objective: 11-3: Summarize federal law related to nonprofit lobbying.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overview of Lobbying Law

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. According to the IRS, all political action committees may lobby.

Learning Objective: 11-3: Summarize federal law related to nonprofit lobbying.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overview of Lobbying Law

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. In the life cycle of a social change issue, “climbing the agenda” refers to advocacy groups raising the volume on a particular issue.

Learning Objective: 11-1: Describe the life cycle of a social change issue.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Political Campaign Activity

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Advocacy includes contacting a legislator to request his/her vote in favor of, or against, a specific bill.

Learning Objective: 11-2: Define advocacy, lobbying, organizing, civic engagement, and political activity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Basic Distinctions

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. An example of political campaign activity is conducting a nonpartisan candidate debate.

Learning Objective: 11-2: Define advocacy, lobbying, organizing, civic engagement, and political activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Basic Distinctions

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. BoardSource found that less than one third of nonprofits had policies related to advocacy.

Learning Objective: 11-2: Define advocacy, lobbying, organizing, civic engagement, and political activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Chapter Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Smaller nonprofit organizations are more likely to engage in lobbying.

Learning Objective: 11-2: Define advocacy, lobbying, organizing, civic engagement, and political activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Chapter Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. One reason nonprofit organizations may be ambivalent about lobbying is that they fear alienating donors.

Learning Objective: 11-2: Define advocacy, lobbying, organizing, civic engagement, and political activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Chapter Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. A 501(c)(3) organization can engage in lobbying without restriction.

Learning Objective: 11-2: Define advocacy, lobbying, organizing, civic engagement, and political activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overview of Lobbying Laws

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. A 501(c)(4) organization is prohibited from political campaign activity.

Learning Objective: 11-2: Define advocacy, lobbying, organizing, civic engagement, and political activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Political Campaign Activity

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Charitable nonprofits are prohibited from endorsing candidates.

Learning Objective: 11-2: Define advocacy, lobbying, organizing, civic engagement, and political activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Overview of Lobbying Laws

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Best practices for advocacy include understanding relevant public policy issues.

Learning Objective: 11-4: Describe the points that need to be considered when implementing an advocacy program.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Implementing an Advocacy Program

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Examine the eight stages in the life cycle of a social change issue and briefly explain each.

Learning Objective: 11-1: Describe the life cycle of a social change issue.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Chapter Introduction

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Identify a nonprofit organization that you are familiar with and describe its lobbying policy.

Learning Objective: 11-3: Summarize federal law related to nonprofit lobbying.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Overview of Lobbying Law

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Investigate why charitable nonprofits face restrictions on lobbying.

Learning Objective: 11-3: Summarize federal law related to nonprofit lobbying

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Overview of Lobbying Laws

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Identify a type of nonprofit organization that would be covered under the substantial part test option II. Explain why it would pass this test.

Learning Objective: 11-3: Summarize federal law related to nonprofit lobbying

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Option II: 501(h) Expenditure Test

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Analyze why a nonprofit organization would file a Form 5768 with the Internal Revenue Service.

Learning Objective: 11-3: Summarize federal law related to nonprofit lobbying

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Option II: 501(h) Expenditure Test

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. Analyze the impact of the Supreme Court’s decision in the case of Citizens United v. FEC on nonprofits exempt under Section 501(c)(4), 501(c)(5), and 501(c)(6).

Learning Objective: 11-5: Explain current policy issues related to nonprofit advocacy, lobbying, and political activity.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Political Campaign Activity

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. Formulate advice for nonprofits that want to develop an advocacy program.

Learning Objective: 11-4: Describe the points that need to be considered when implementing an advocacy program.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Implementing an Advocacy Program

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. Explain potential consequences for a nonprofit organization that shifts from providing direct services to advocacy.

Learning Objective: 11-4: Describe the points that need to be considered when implementing an advocacy program.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Continuing Issues and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Write a simplified explanation of the application of Internal Revenue Service lobbying laws for 501(c)(3) organizations.

Learning Objective: 11-3: Summarize federal law related to nonprofit lobbying.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Overview of Lobbying Law

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. Explain why political activity by tax-exempt organizations continues to be controversial.

Learning Objective: 11-5: Explain current policy issues related to nonprofit advocacy, lobbying, and political activity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Continuing Issues and Concerns

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Select a nonprofit organization and provide examples of its progression through the life cycle of social change.

Learning Objective: 11-1: Describe the life cycle of a social change issue.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Chapter Introduction

Difficulty Level: Hard

12. Apply Guo and Saxton’s three stages of using Twitter for advocacy.

Learning Objective: 11-4: Describe the points that need to be considered when implementing an advocacy program.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Using Social Media

Difficulty Level: Medium