7e Business Ethics Concepts & Cases 8e Test Bank Answers

Part One: Chapter One: The Nature of Morality

Multiple Choice (24)

1. Ethics addresses the question of

a. whether God exists

b. what we know

c. how we should live

d. what we are

2. Ethics does not investigate questions of

a. duty and obligation

b. mind and body

c. fairness and unfairness

d. good and bad

3. Business ethics is the study of what constitutes good and bad human conduct in a

a. business setting

b. academic setting

c. heavenly setting

d. utopian setting

4. Who discussed whether a merchant should tell people more goods similar to his are on their way?

a. Plato

b. Seneca

c. Aristotle

d. Cicero

5. Business ethics dates to

a. The Modern period

b. The Renaissance

c. Ancient times

d. The Industrial Revolution

6. “Business” and “businessperson” are

a. technical terms

b. narrow terms

c. broad terms

d. colloquial terms

7. The objective of businesses is to provide goods or services for

a. profit

b. sale

c. free

d. rent

8. A group of persons working together for a common purpose is

a. a club

b. a business

c. a committee

d. an organization

9. Moral standards concern behavior that is

a. of serious consequence to human welfare

b. subject to legal assessment

c. performed only by businesses

d. of trivial importance

10. Whether you should copy a pirated DVD on your office computer is a

a. technical question

b. factual question

c. moral question

d. business question

11. What term generally refers to any special code of social behavior?

a. morality

b. business

c. etiquette

d. deontology

12. Rules of etiquette are generally

a. old-fashioned

b. nonmoral

c. judgmental

d. utilitarian

13. Laws enacted by legislative bodies are called

a. torts

b. statutes

c. common law

d. liabilities

14. Common law is

a. judge-made law

b. legislative law

c. arbitrary law

d. statute law

15. Who did Martin Luther King Jr. address his “Letter from Birmingham Jail” to?

a. the courts

b. fellow clergy

c. fellow protestors

d. fellow convicts

16. Professional codes of ethics lie somewhere between

a. etiquette and law

b. right and wrong

c. law and morality

d. facts and values

17. For philosophers, the important question is

a. where our moral principles come from

b. whether our moral principles can be justified

c. where our moral principles are going

d. whether our moral principles are legal

18. Any religion provides its believers with a

a. worldview

b. church

c. established clergy

d. God

19. The Golden Rule represents

a. one of humankind’s lowest moral requirements

b. a rule applicable to all sentient beings

c. one of humankind’s highest moral ideals

d. a rule that is self-contradictory

20. The idea that morality must be based n religion can be interpreted in

a. two ways

b. three ways

c. four ways

d. five ways

21. The moral instructions of the world’s great religions are

a. general and imprecise

b. precise and specific

c. inapplicable to modern life

d. only applicable to believers

22. The view that what is right is determined by what a culture says is right is

a. deontology

b. utilitarianism

c. virtue ethics

d. ethical relativism

23. Carr defends a form of

a. virtue ethics

b. ethical relativism

c. deontology

d. utilitarianism

24. The tendency to let the behavior of those around us dictate our response in emergencies is known as

a. ethical relativism

b. bystander apathy

c. morality in the narrow sense

d. cultural programming

True/False Questions (12)

1. Sometimes the rich and might fall.

2. Sometimes professional codes of ethics are unwritten.

3. Professional codes of ethics are always specific.

4. Religion involves prescriptions for social relationships.

5. Ethical relativism holds that there are objective and universal moral standards.

6. Our conscience is literally a little voice inside us.

7. Morality in the narrow sense concerns the principles that do or should regulate people’s conduct and relations with each other.

8. Aristotle held that there is more to living a morally good life than being good at your job.

9. Pressure to meet corporate goals can lead people to act unethically.

10. According to the American Management Association pressure to meet realistic business deadlines if the leading cause of unethical business conduct.

11. The diffusion of responsibility inside an organization leads individuals to have a diluted sense of their own moral responsibility.

12. Aristotle denied that there is an excellent we can achieve as human beings.

Essay Questions (6)

1. In what way could Carr’s views concerning bluffing in business be extended to bluffing in dating? Do you believe that bluffing in either of these contexts is ethically acceptable? Why, or why not? What do you answers tell you about your views concerning the plausibility of ethical relativism?
2. Do you believe that businessmen have a duty to reveal all the information that they have about their products and its merits vis-à-vis those of their rivals to consumers? Why, or why not? If not, do you believe that they have a duty to reveal any of this information—or should the “buyer beware”? If they do have a duty to reveal some of this information, how extensive is this duty? Do you believe that this duty could vary by industry? Why, or why not?
3. Do you believe that business ethics is a specific area of philosophical inquiry, or not? Do you think that its concerns could be subsumed into the general field of ethics? Why do you think as you do?
4. Do you believe that there is a role for professional ethicists in business settings? Why, or why not? If not, why not? If you do, why—and what do you envision their role as being?
5. In what ways are professional codes of ethics, moral rules, legal requirements, and the requirements of etiquette different from each other?
6. Must morality come from God? Why, or why not? If you believe that it does, do you believe that God has a reason for giving us the commands that he does, or do you believe that they exists merely on his whim? If the former, could we discover these reasons and act morally without God? If the latter, why should we can, morally, about God’s whims?

Chapter Two: Normative Theories of Ethics

Multiple Choice Questions (24)

1. Which theories of ethics contend that right and wrong are determined by more than the likely consequences of an action?
2. Egoistic theories
3. Nonconsequentialist theories
4. Relativist theories
5. Consequentialist theories
6. Nonconsequentialist theories are also called
7. Deontological theories
8. Relativist theories
9. Egoistic theories
10. Virtue ethics theories
11. Epicurus was a
12. Stoic
13. Hedonist
14. Platonist
15. Aristotelian
16. Someone who holds that everyone should let self-interest guide their actions is a
17. Personal egoist
18. Personal hedonist
19. Impersonal egoist
20. Impersonal hedonist
21. The view that equates morality with self-interest is
22. Stoicism
23. Egoism
24. Hedonism
25. Platonism
26. Psychological hedonists hold that humans are by nature
27. Virtuous
28. Selfish
29. Altruistic
30. Immoral
31. The view that we should always act so as to produce the greatest possible balance of good over bad for everyone affected by our actions is known as
32. Virtue ethics
33. Divine command ethics
34. Deontology
35. Utilitarianism
36. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill both endorsed
37. Virtue ethics
38. Divine command ethics
39. Deontology
40. Utilitarianism
41. By “good” utilitarians mean
42. Happiness or pleasure
43. Morality or virtue
44. Wealth or prosperity
45. Desire satisfaction
46. The “hedonic calculus” was developed by
47. Epicurus
48. Mill
49. Bentham
50. Kant
51. A. C. Ewing criticized
52. Deontological principles
53. Act utilitarian principles
54. Virtue ethics
55. Divine command theory
56. Adam Smith argued that if business is left to pursue its own self-interest
57. The good of society will be served
58. The morality of society will be undermined
59. Great injustices will develop
60. The good of society will be undermined
61. The view that it is morally acceptable for individuals to pursue their own self-interests while engaged in business is called
62. Business privilege
63. Business egoism
64. Business hedonism
65. Business practice
66. Kant believed that moral rules can, in principle, be known from
67. Observation only
68. God’s revelation
69. Reason alone
70. The use of intuition
71. For Kant, nothing is good in itself except
72. God’s law
73. God’s will
74. A good will
75. Good consequences
76. Kant’s theory is
77. Utilitarian
78. Egoistic
79. Nonconsequentialist
80. Hedonistic
81. For Kant, the subjective principle of an action is known as a
82. Rule
83. Virtue
84. Imperative
85. Maxim
86. Kant held that a moral law must have
87. Good consequences
88. Universal acceptability
89. Particular acceptability
90. Religious backing
91. Kant held that humanity should always be treated as
92. Mere means
93. Ends in themselves
94. Instruments of will
95. Utility maximizers
96. The unnecessary buying and selling of stocks to generate commissions is known as
97. Gouging
98. Churning
99. Emptying
100. Stocking
101. W.D. Ross believed that all (or most) of our obligations are
102. Kantian obligations
103. Utilitarian obligations
104. The obligations of etiquette
105. Prima facie obligations
106. The ethical perspective of W.D. Ross is
107. Monistic
108. Pluralist
109. Theistic
110. Epicurean
111. The view that the utilitarian standard should be applied to moral codes as a whole is
112. Act utilitarianism
113. Rule utilitarianism
114. Virtue utilitarianism
115. Prima facie utilitarianism
116. According to V. R. Ruggiero, how many concerns are common to most ethical systems?
117. Two
118. Three
119. Four
120. Five

True/False Questions (12)

1. All egoists endorse hedonism.

2. Egoists can identify the good with knowledge.

3. A common objection to ethical egoism is that it ignores blatant wrongs.

4. Bentham and Mill had the same conception of pleasure.

5. Actions affect people to different degrees.

6. Utilitarianism requires us to disregard our own pleasure.

7. Utilitarianism provides a clear and straightforward basis for formulating and testing policies.

8. Under eminent domain the government can appropriate private property for public use.

9. Kant’s categorical imperative holds that we should always act in such a way that we can will the maxim of our action to be universal law.

10. W. D. Ross endorsed utilitarianism.

11. A prima facie obligation cannot be overridden.

12. Human rights are universal.

Essay Questions (6)

1. Outline both act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism, making it clear how they are different from each other. Of these two utilitarian theories, which do you believe is the most persuasive, and why? Do you believe that we should accept this approach to ethics? Why, or why not? Justify and illustrate your answers by reference to how utilitarianism could held in formulating policies within an organization context.
2. What is W.D. Ross’s view of ethics? How does it differ from the views of Mill and Kant? Do you believe that this view of ethics is applicable to a business setting? Why, or why not? Do you believe that it should be accepted generally? Do you think that your answers to the last two sub-questions should be the same, or should they differ? Why do you think as you do?
3. Outline Kant’s account of ethics. How, according to Kant, should we treat people—and why does he believe this? Do you agree? If we accepted a Kantian approach to morality, would we need to change how we conduct business? If so, provide examples to illustrate your claims and explain why Kant would require the changes you outline. If not, why not?
4. Do you believe that businesses should adopt a policy of business egoism? Would such a policy be best suited to the nature of business or not? Why do you believe as you do?
5. Do you believe that humans are naturally selfish? Explain your answer. Does your answer to this question have any ramifications for (a) which moral theory we should adopt, and (b) how we should structure business organizations?
6. What do you believe the optimal moral code should look like? Do you believe that people would be intrinsically motivated to follow such a code, or not? If so, why do you believe as you do? If not, how should they be motivated to behave morally?

Chapter Three: Justice and Economic Distribution

Multiple Choice (24)

1. Who is known for first holding that we should treat like cases alike?
2. Plato
3. Epicurus
4. Cicero
5. Aristotle
6. The topic of the proper distribution of burdens and benefits is known as
7. Distributive justice
8. Retributive justice
9. Economic welfare
10. Laissez-faire economics
11. Who made the violation of one’s moral rights the defining characteristic of injustice?
12. John Stuart Mill
13. Adam Smith
14. Karl Marx
15. Robert Nozick
16. Rawls’s theory of justice is
17. A libertarian theory
18. An egalitarian theory
19. A utilitarian theory
20. A retributivist theory
21. Justice for Mill was ultimately a matter of
22. Luck
23. Promoting social well-being
24. Property rights
25. Enforced equality
26. Brandt defends the equality of after-tax income on
27. Libertarian grounds
28. Deontological grounds
29. Utilitarian grounds
30. Egalitarian grounds
31. Libertarians assume that liberty means
32. Freedom
33. Noninterference
34. Equality
35. Liberation
36. Nozick begins with the premise that people have
37. Certain basic moral rights
38. Equality of income
39. Equality of opportunity
40. Certain basic positive rights
41. Nozick refers to the firm restrictions that rights impose as
42. Side constraints
43. Lockean constraints
44. Side bars
45. Liberty constraints
46. Nozick calls his theory of justice the
47. Welfare theory
48. Lockean theory
49. Absolute theory
50. Entitlement theory
51. Locke held that individuals are entitled to
52. The products of a welfare state
53. What they can acquire
54. What they possess
55. The products of their labor
56. For Locke, prior to the formation of government property rights were limited by the requirement that one not waste, and by the restriction that
57. One only take what on could eat in a day
58. One could only take what one could carry
59. Enough and as good was left for others
60. Others received the same amount
61. Nozick calls his theory
62. Ahistorical
63. Historical
64. Patterned
65. Egalitarian
66. Libertarians endorse
67. The welfare state
68. Positive rights
69. Free markets
70. Restricted markets
71. Libertarians hold that market relations are necessary to respect
72. Human liberty
73. The common good
74. Individual well-being
75. Positive rights
76. Rawls, on his own account, presents his theory as a modern alternative to
77. Deontology
78. Libertarianism
79. Social contract theory
80. Utilitarianism
81. Rawls suggests that we imagine the people in the original position choosing on the basis of
82. Self interest
83. Altruism
84. The common good
85. Equality for all
86. The distinctive core of Rawls’s theory is the
87. Difference principle
88. Ignorance principle
89. Equality principle
90. Historical principle
91. Rawls views society as
92. A set of competing individuals
93. A set of contracting individuals
94. As a cooperative project for mutual benefit
95. As a competitive project for exclusive benefit
96. Rawls regards natural talents as
97. Deserved
98. A common asset
99. Unjust
100. Historically embedded
101. Who holds that different norms and principles govern different distributive spheres?
102. Rawls
103. Walzer
104. Mill
105. Nozick
106. Who wrote A Theory of Justice?
107. Rawls
108. Walzer
109. Mill
110. Nozick
111. Who wrote Spheres of Justice?
112. Rawls
113. Walzer
114. Mill
115. Nozick
116. Who wrote Anarchy, State, and Utopia?
117. Rawls
118. Walzer
119. Mill
120. Nozick

True/False Questions (12)

1. Rawls was a libertarian.

2. Justice is a new concept.

3. Justice is often used to mean fairness.

4. Nozick believes that persons have property rights.

5. Many utilitarians would favorably view increase worker participation in industrial life.

6. The increasing utility of money stems from the fact that the outcomes we want are preferentially ordered.

7. America is a libertarian utopia.

8. Nozick’s theory of economic justice is an entitlement theory.

9. The first principle of Nozick’s theory concerns justice in the transfer of property between its holders

10. Locke held that persons had a moral right to property.

11. The state of nature occurred after the formation of government.

12. Libertarians prohibit force and fraud.

Essay Questions (6)

1. Do you believe that persons have rights to property? If so, what justifies these rights? If not, do you think that all property is amenable for redistribution—and on what basis should it be distributed?
2. Do you believe that the libertarian understanding of liberty if correct? The author of this volume holds that “of course” libertarians oppose force and fraud in market transactions. Is this view defensible given the libertarian understanding of liberty?
3. Do you agree with Rawls that persons in the original position would choose the sorts of principles of justice that he endorses? If not, why not? What other sorts of principles might they endorse? If so, does this mean that these principles are binding on persons who did not actually choose them?
4. Do you believe, with Rawls, that natural talents should be considered common assets? Why, or why not?
5. Do you believe that great inequalities of wealth are morally acceptable? Why, or why not? Does it matter to you how the wealth is acquired? Do you believe that (a) Rawls and (b) Nozick successfully defend the legitimacy of unequal wealth? Why, or why not?
6. Would there be any goods or services that a fully libertarian society could not provide? Explain your answer. Do you think that this poses a problem for libertarianism?

Part Two: Chapter Four: The Nature of Capitalism

Multiple Choice Questions (24)

1. What we know as “capitalism” did not fully emerge until
2. The Renaissance
3. The Industrial Revolution
4. The Modern Era
5. The Revolutionary Period
6. Capitalism that is based on mutual dependence between state and commercial interests is known as
7. State welfare capitalism
8. Monopoly capitalism
9. Industrial capitalism
10. Mercantile capitalism
11. The type of capitalism that was ushered in during the Great Depression is
12. State welfare capitalism
13. Monopoly capitalism
14. Industrial capitalism
15. Mercantile capitalism
16. What did Smith think was the regulator that keeps a community activated by self-interest stable?
17. The law
18. Free competition
19. Altruism
20. Personal morality
21. Capital is
22. Money invested for the purpose of making more money
23. The machinery and equipment of a plant
24. Cash held in case of emergency
25. Government backed currency
26. Who is known for developing the concept of the invisible hand?
27. Locke
28. Hume
29. Marx
30. Smith
31. Adam Smith held that humans have a natural propensity to
32. Truck, barter, and exchange
33. To engage in illicit behavior
34. To seek revenge on profit-seekers
35. To try to outsmart each other
36. Unlike other species, we have an almost constant need for
37. Companionship
38. The assistance of others
39. Trading
40. Luxury goods
41. The two types of criticism that capitalism is subject to are
42. Theoretical and moral
43. Theoretical and operational
44. Operational and practical
45. Practical and substantive
46. The theory of capitalism rests on a view of humans as
47. Rational economic creatures
48. Emotional creatures
49. Altruistic creatures
50. Irrational economic creatures
51. Karl Marx argued that capitalism leads to
52. Wealth
53. Opportunity
54. Aristocracies
55. Oligopolies
56. The biggest five refiners in the United States control
57. 35% of the market
58. 47% of the market
59. 56% of the market
60. 68% of the market
61. From 1995 to 2002, U.S. taxpayers spent around
62. $86 billion in subsidies to farmers
63. $114 billion in subsidies to farmers
64. $147 billion in subsidies to farmers
65. $198 billion in subsidies to farmers
66. Subsidies for farmers and tariffs on steel, sugar, and ethanol are examples of
67. Free market principles
68. Patriotic fervor
69. Corporate welfare
70. The common good
71. The 2008 Troubled Assets Relief Program cost
72. $250 billion
73. $400 billion
74. $600 billion
75. $700 billion
76. Karl Marx held that capitalists make profits through
77. Free and fair market exchange
78. Ingenious marketing
79. Exploiting their workers
80. Fraudulent wages
81. Karl Marx held that workers inevitably experience
82. Alienation
83. Poverty
84. Fraud
85. Violence
86. The hundreds of workers interviewed by Studs Terkel all spoke of
87. Injustice
88. Rationalization
89. Downsizing
90. Dehumanization
91. Historically, capitalists have made money by
92. Exploiting their workers
93. Producing goods
94. Providing financial advice
95. Defrauding shareholders
96. Companies that now produce only the package and the label of the goods they sell are
97. Fraudulent corporations
98. Dummy corporations
99. Hollow corporations
100. Capitalist corporations
101. The United States owes the rest of the world
102. $400 billion
103. $900 billion
104. $2 trillion
105. $3 trillion
106. The view that work is valuable for its own sake is the
107. American way
108. Protestant way
109. Work ethic
110. Marxist view
111. Paul Kostek is a
112. Developmental economist
113. Career development expert
114. Marxist historian
115. Libertarian philosopher
116. Americans work ____ more than they did in 1970.
117. 10%
118. 16%
119. 20%
120. 32%

True/False Questions (12)

1. Americans work less than the French.

2. In 2008 the United States pushed the world into an economic crisis.

3. In a capitalist system the major proportion of production and distribution is in private hands.

4. Socialism is a system characterized by public ownership of property and a planned economy.

5. Yugoslavia once approximated worker control socialism.

6. An old stage of capitalist development was globalized capitalism.

7. The phrase “laissez faire” means “to let people do as they choose”.

8. Capital is unrelated to private property.

9. John Locke believed that people have a natural right to private property.

10. Smith gave careful arguments for the view that humans are acquisitive creatures.

11. Smith believed in the law of supply and demand.

12. There are no operational objections to capitalism.

Essay Questions (6)

1. Do you believe that self-interest can lead to the beneficial results that Smith envisaged? Why, or why not? Support your view with empirical support.
2. What do you think is the most persuasive (a) theoretical objection to capitalism, and (b) operational objection to capitalism, and why?
3. If capitalism is more effective that socialism for producing wealth, does that necessarily make it a more moral system? Explain your answer.
4. Do you believe that we should temper laissez-faire capitalism with laws designed to curb its excesses? What might those excesses be? Since the type of laws we would use would be coercive, would we be justified in coercing some persons for the good of others? Why, or why not?
5. Do you believe that “competition isn’t what it’s cracked up to be”? Why, or why not? Why do you think that Adam Smith was so sanguine about the benefits of competition?
6. Do you think that “price gouging” is morally acceptable or not? Explain your answer, drawing on the views of Adam Smith and Karl Marx to do so.

Chapter Five: Corporations

Multiple Choice Questions (24)

1. The persons who provide the capital to a corporation are its
2. Executives
3. Beneficiaries
4. Stockholders
5. Directors
6. Modern corporations are, in principle
7. Single-tiered structures
8. Two-tiered structures
9. Three-tiered structures
10. Horizontal organizations
11. _______ ______ is a key feature of the modern corporation.
12. Limited liability
13. Stakeholder sharing
14. Guaranteed profitability
15. Government protection
16. The stock of publically held companies is traded
17. Privately
18. Between directors only
19. Among the general public
20. Between government departments
21. What did Nicholas Murray Butler hold was the greatest discovery of modern times?
22. Penicillin
23. Printing
24. The limited liability corporation
25. Stock options to executives
26. The incorporation of business enterprises began
27. During the Elizabethan era
28. During the Victorian era
29. During the Edwardian era
30. During the Industrial Revolution
31. The first instance of the corporate organization of a manufacturing enterprise in the United States occurred in
32. 1743
33. 1813
34. 1867
35. 1911
36. The East India Company was formed in
37. 1675
38. 1600
39. 1765
40. 1800
41. Corporations are clearly
42. Evil
43. Legal agents
44. Moral agents
45. Immoral agents
46. Lord Thurlow said that you could not expect a corporation to have
47. A soul
48. A conscience
49. High profits
50. Continuous profitability
51. Thomas Donaldson holds that corporations can be
52. A force for good
53. Moral agents
54. Accountable for their wrong-doing in the past
55. Dissolved by government fiat
56. Peter French controversially believes that corporate acts are
57. Intentional
58. Self-interested
59. For the common good
60. For the benefits of their executives only
61. The narrow view of corporate responsibility is endorsed by
62. Milton Friedman
63. John Rawls
64. Karl Marx
65. Michael Walzer
66. The narrow view of corporate responsibility is that corporations should only
67. Maximize profits
68. Secure the common good
69. Benefit their stakeholders
70. Manufacture goods
71. Who wrote of “the rules of the game”?
72. Karl Marx
73. Milton Friedman
74. David Freidman
75. John Rawls
76. Keith Davis believes that
77. Social responsibility arises from social power
78. Social responsibility undermines social power
79. Fiscal responsibility is the hallmark of success
80. Fiscal responsibility leads to social responsibility
81. The stakeholder model is also called the
82. Corporate welfare model
83. Social welfare model
84. Social entity model
85. Corporate entity model
86. Who cast the case for a broader view of corporate responsibility is a historical perspective?
87. Melvin Anshen
88. John Kay
89. John Davis
90. Michael Walzer
91. The unintended negative or positive effects of business activity are called by economists
92. Fall out
93. Externalities
94. Indemnities
95. Secondary effects
96. Who owns a company?
97. Executives
98. Stakeholders
99. Stockholders
100. Corporations
101. Adam Smith claims that an invisible hand
102. Guides good business managers
103. Makes the world safe for God-fearing people
104. Promotes the general good
105. Takes from the poor and gives to the rich
106. Paul Camenisch holds that business
107. Is a great force for good
108. Propagates a view of humanity and the good life
109. Is seeking to control our minds
110. Controls our subconscious desires
111. Christopher Stone argues that there are limits
112. To what the law can do
113. To what corporations can do to control us
114. To the profits a corporation can make
115. To the profits a corporation should make
116. One challenger to the assumption that profits come at the expense of ethics is
117. Karl Marx
118. Kenneth Arrow
119. John Davis
120. Milton Friedman

True/False Questions (12)

1. Princeton University is a non-profit corporation.

2. Kenneth E. Goodpaster holds that corporations can show the same respect for persons as individual human beings can.

3. Manuel Velasquez holds that corporations can be held morally responsible.

4. The diffusion of responsibility can mean that no person in a corporation can be morally responsible for its actions.

5. David Friedman wrote Capitalism and Freedom.

6. Friedman’s bottom line is that the bottom line is not all that counts.

7. Externalities can be positive.

8. Boards of directors typically rubber-stamp the decisions of management.

9. 88% of job seekers prefer to work for a company that supports social causes.

10. Theodore Levitt holds that corporations should pursue social justice.

11. Kenneth Arrow holds that any kind of settled economic life requires a degree of ethical behavior.

12. Milton Snoeyenbos holds that corporations should espouse a corporate moral code.

Essay Questions (6)

1. Do you believe that corporations can be considered moral agents? If so, why? If not, why not?
2. Do you endorse the narrow view of corporate responsibility, the broad view, some combination of them, or neither? Argue for your position, engaging with the views of the authors discussed in this chapter as you do so.
3. Many job-seekers would prefer to work for a company that supports social causes, but there is also a concern on the part of many that corporations have an undue influence on society. Are these two views in tension with other, or not? Explain your answer.
4. Do you believe that corporations can be moral agents? If so, why? If not, why not? Does the answer to this question have any practical import, or not?
5. How could we encourage the institutionalization of ethical behavior within corporations?
6. Do you believe that we can expect corporations to act morally, or should we require the government to guide and direct their behavior in this way? Do we have any reason to believe that governments will be better moral guides than corporations? Why, or why not?

Part Three: Chapter 6: Consumers

Multiple Choice Questions (24)

1. In 2009 the FDA was empowered to regulate
2. Alcohol
3. Candy
4. Pornography
5. Cigarettes
6. Every year, consumer products electrocute approximately
7. 100 people a year
8. 200 people a year
9. 400 people a year
10. 600 people a year
11. The court case that established consumers’ rights to sue the manufacturer of products was
12. Roe v. Wade
13. Griggs v. Palmer
14. MacPherson v. Buick Motor Car
15. Brown v. Board
16. In 1972 Congress passed the
17. Consumer Produce Recall Act
18. Consumer Product Safety Act
19. Consumer Recall Liability Act
20. Consumer Product Liability Act
21. Had air bags been standard equipment in 1974, how many deaths might have been prevented?
22. 70,000
23. 80,000
24. 90,000
25. 100,000
26. When did a government agency begin testing candy for its potential to choke children?
27. 1987
28. 1997
29. 2000
30. 2003
31. Iacocca used to say “Safety doesn’t…”
32. Hurt
33. Sell
34. Corrupt
35. Produce
36. Cigarette fires are responsible for how many serious injuries a year?
37. 2000
38. 4000
39. 6000
40. 7000
41. The claim that a product is fit for its ordinary use is
42. An implied warranty
43. An explicit warranty
44. A condition of sale
45. A consumer risk
46. When manufacturers and retailers agree to set prices, this is
47. Horizontal price fixing
48. Vertical price fixing
49. Backwards price fixing
50. Lowered price fixing
51. Until was it illegal for a manufacturer and a retailer to fix prices?
52. 1876
53. 1965
54. 1987
55. 2007
56. A seller’s exploitation of a short-term situation in which buyers have few purchase options for a much-needed product is called
57. Price gouging
58. Racketeering
59. Prix fixe
60. Worker exploitation
61. The question of what a fair price is
62. Is easy to answer
63. Probably lacks a precise answer
64. Is a confused question
65. Best left to economists
66. When a “economy size” product is sold at a higher price than their smaller counterparts they are being subject to
67. Extra taxes
68. A quantity surcharge
69. Fraud
70. Limited cost savings
71. L’Occitane labels its products in
72. Sign language
73. Braille
74. French
75. English
76. Ads that can be understood in two or more ways are
77. Ambiguous
78. Illegal
79. Immoral
80. Concealing
81. Words used to evade direct statements are
82. Ferret words
83. Hedgehog words
84. Weasel words
85. Mandrake words
86. In advertising, a claim that is unsupported by evidence is
87. An opinion
88. An exaggeration
89. A false promise
90. A weasel claim
91. A persuasive effort aimed primarily at emotion is a
92. Weasel appeal
93. Psychological appeal
94. Exaggerated appeal
95. Puffed-up appeal
96. Advertising that communicates at a level beneath conscious awareness is
97. Deceptive
98. Weasel worded
99. Illegal
100. Subliminal
101. The Federal Trade Commission was created in
102. 1876
103. 1890
104. 1914
105. 1954
106. The Federal Trade Commission was created as
107. An antitrust weapon
108. An investment watchdog
109. A consumer advice bureau
110. A body for overseeing interstate commerce
111. The decision in FTC v. Standard Education led the FTC to apply which standard liberally?
112. The ignorant person standard
113. The informed consumer standard
114. The reasonable person standard
115. The ignorant retailer standard
116. Every year children under twelve spend
117. $20 billion
118. $40 billion
119. $60 billion
120. $80 billion

True/False Questions (12)

1. Every year teenagers spend $172 billion.

2. Exposure to television ads is associated with childhood obesity.

3. Food companies spend $16 billion a year marketing to children.

4. Kenneth Galbraith rejected the economists’ faith in consumer sovereignty.

5. Kenneth Arrow invented the dependence effect.

6. Advertising subsidizes the media.

7. Consumers cannot sue manufacturers of defective products.

8. Every year lawn mowers send 78,000 consumers to emergency rooms.

9. The doctrine of strict product liability holds that the manufacturer of a product must compensate its users for injuries suffered because of its defective condition.

10. Manufacturers can defend against charges of strict product liability by showing that they were not negligent in the manufacturing process.

11. The number of automobile recalls per year has doubled since 1993.

12. In 2008 California effectively outlawed retail sales of raw milk.

Essay Questions (6)

1. Do you believe that manufacturers should be responsible for injuries suffered by consumers as a result of defective products, or not? If so, what do you think is the strongest argument against your position, and how do you respond to it? If not, why not?
2. Should we allow consumers to make decisions for themselves concerning how much safety they are willing to sacrifice for cheaper products, or not? Justify your answer. If you think we should, what legislative steps should we take to achieve this? If you think not, how protected should consumers be?
3. How effective do you think regulation currently is? Would leaving the market to its own devices be more, or less, effective? Argue for your view.
4. Do you think that an attempt to maximize products at the expense of consumer safety is immoral? Do you think that it would be immoral if this was generally recognized as a business practice?
5. Do you agree with Galbraith’s analysis of the dependence effect? Why, or why not?
6. Do you think that there should be any restrictions on advertising? If yes, what should they be? If no, why not?

Chapter Seven: The Environment

Multiple Choice Questions (24)

1. Of the 18,000 objects orbiting Earth, how many are rubbish?
2. 12,000
3. 14, 100
4. 16,500
5. 17, 100
6. When was the Clean Water Act passed?
7. 1965
8. 1972
9. 1979
10. 1982
11. What proportion of U.S. waters fail to meet the 1972 standards for being safe for fishing and swimming?
12. 1/3
13. 2/3
14. 3/4
15. 4/5
16. How many pounds of hazardous materials enter the air each year?
17. 20 million
18. 90 milllion
19. 2 billion
20. 9 billion
21. Which gas is responsible for the greenhouse effect?
22. H₂SO₄
23. H₂O
24. CO
25. CO₂
26. How many tons of animal manure does the US generate each year?
27. 900 million
28. 1 billion
29. 1.4 billion
30. 2 billion
31. Which virus is responsible for the decline of the wolf population in Yellowstone Park?
32. Retrovirus
33. Herpesvirus
34. Parvovirus
35. Ebolavirus
36. The belief that natural resources are free and limitless encourages
37. Conservation
38. Preservation
39. Wasteful consumption of them
40. Waste management
41. Which industry exemplifies Hardin’s point about the tragedy of the commons?
42. Car manufacturing
43. International fishing
44. International steel production
45. Clothing manufacturing
46. How many gallons of water does it take to make an automobile?
47. 50, 000
48. 100, 000
49. 150, 000
50. 200, 000
51. How many gallons of rainwater does America use for every 60 returned by nature?
52. 50
53. 65
54. 75
55. 80
56. In a case in Thailand what was worth 75% more when left to provide natural resources rather than be converted into a fish farm?
57. A mangrove swamp
58. A lake
59. A freshwater estuary
60. A scenic pond
61. The Interior Department has introduced wolves into
62. Montana, Wyoming, and Nevada
63. Montana, Nevada, and California
64. Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho
65. Wyoming, Nevada, and California
66. Two popular answers to the question of who should pay the costs of pollution are
67. The taxpayers and industry
68. The Government and industry
69. Those responsible for it and the Government
70. Those responsible for it and those who would benefit from protection and restoration
71. Who has probably profited more than any other group from treating the environment as a free good?
72. Business
73. Consumers
74. Government
75. Activists
76. Approximately what proportion of the world’s motor vehicles are owned in the United States?
77. 15%
78. 20%
79. 25%
80. 35%
81. The United States farm population is now around
82. 2%
83. 8%
84. 12%
85. 16%
86. Which approach to environmental protection makes use of direct pubic regulation and control?
87. The regulatory approach
88. The free market approach
89. The conscription approach
90. The preservation approach
91. How many toxic contaminants were targeted by the EPA’s 33/50 approach?
92. 17
93. 33
94. 45
95. 50
96. Who believes that it is immoral to buy the right to polute?
97. Michael J. Fox
98. Michael J. Sandel
99. Garrett Hardin
100. John Rawls
101. Who holds that measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions need not harm the economy?
102. Sandel and Rawls
103. Sandel and Arrow
104. Rawls and Solow
105. Arrow and Solow
106. Who discussed the original position in the context of our obligations to future generations?
107. Annette Baier is concerned with
108. The good of underdeveloped countries
109. The good of the United States
110. The good of the continuing human community
111. The good of utilitarians
112. William F. Baxter recognizes
113. The anthropocentric bias of Baier
114. The anthropocentric bias of his own approach
115. The need to help penguins
116. The need to aid future generations soon

True/False Questions (12)

1. Holmes Rolston discusses the naturalistic ethic

2. William F. Baxter is a deep ecologist.

3. The proponents of the naturalistic ethic believe that some natural objects have intrinsic value.

4. Bentham held that something had moral status only if it could reciprocate.

5. Utilitarians focus discussion on animal rights.

6. The LD 50 test is used to test new foodstuffs.

7. Business’ largest impact on animals is through the production of animal-related products.

8. Moral vegetarians object to meat eating on health grounds.

9. Mass production of mea at affordable prices requires factory farming.

10. In Europe it is illegal to treat veal calves the way most American companies do.

11. Garrett Hardin discussed the tragedy of the commons.

12. The concerns of environmental ethics could begin with the food on our plates.

Essay Questions (6)

1. Do you believe that the criterion of moral considerability is that of the ability to suffer? Would (a) Mill, (b) Kant, agree? Explain each philosopher’s position, and justify your own views in the light of them.
2. How do you believe we should try to reduce pollution? Why do you adopt the position that you do? What (a) moral, and (b) practical advantages do you think it has over the alternative approaches that we might take?
3. Who do you think should be held responsible for reducing pollution, and/or clearing up currently polluted areas? Why do you adopt the view that you do? How could it be implemented in practice?
4. What is the “tragedy of the commons”? How might we avert this tragedy? Illustrate your example by drawing on one area in which this tragedy occurs.
5. Do you believe that we have any obligations to future generations? Why, or why not? If so, explain why you think that we have obligations to beings that do not exist. If not, do you think that we could just pollute as much as we like provided that the effects of our actions would only be felt by future persons? In each case, explain your answer.
6. Do you believe that natural objects have value in themselves? In answering this question you should explain carefully what it means for something to have (a) instrumental value, (b) intrinsic value, as well as explaining what would justify the ascription of these different sorts of value to objects and entities.

Part Four: Chapter Eight: The Workplace (1): Basic Issues

Multiple Choice Questions (24)

1. What led to the unionization of the U.S. auto industry?
2. The Flint Sit-Down Strike
3. The Flint Walk-Out Strike
4. The Republic Sit-Down Strike
5. The Bank of America Walk-Out Strike
6. Who contends that a person’s rights as an American citizen disappear when you walk through the office door?
7. John Rawls
8. Ellen Simonetti
9. Kenneth Arrow
10. Lewis Maltby
11. Who sees the corporate invasion of American civil liberties as rampant?
12. John Rawls
13. Michael Walzer
14. A.C. Ewing
15. David W. Ewing
16. When did the U.S. Supreme Court ratify the common law principle that an employer may dismiss their employees at will?
17. 1865
18. 1897
19. 1915
20. 1936
21. Common law requires that an employee
22. Give 90 days’ notice before quitting a job
23. Act as her employer requires off the job
24. Be loyal to her employer
25. Pay into any employer insurance scheme available
26. How many Americans have contracts that have contractual provisions contrary to employment at will?
27. About 10%
28. About 20%
29. About 25%
30. About 32%
31. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that a state cannot deny unemployment benefits to employees who are fired for refusing to work on
32. Their own time
33. A holiday
34. A Sabbath day
35. Sunday
36. The First Amendment does not protect speech
37. Public employees make in the course of their official duties
38. Public employees make contributing to civic discourse
39. Private employees make in the course of their duties
40. Private employees make contributing to civic discourse
41. Acting morally is generally
42. Required by U.S. companies
43. Required by the U.S. Government
44. In one’s long-term best interests
45. Not in one’s long-term best interests
46. Job specifications to which the civil rights law does not apply are called
47. BFOOs
48. BFOQs
49. BFFOs
50. BFQQs
51. How many employees must a company have to fall under the jurisdiction of the Americans with Disabilities Act?
52. 12
53. 15
54. 20
55. 25
56. Jazzercise now agrees that
57. Being overweight need not be unhealthy
58. People should not be fired because of their looks
59. People of varying weights can be fit
60. People of varying races can communicate with the public
61. According to Charles Arons, the hurdles men face returning to the job market are ow many times greater than those faced by women?
62. Two
63. Three
64. Four
65. Five
66. Which court case led U.S. firms to retreat from administering preemployment tests?
67. Griggs
68. Roe
69. Brown
70. Duke
71. Francis Bacon referred to biases as
72. Work of idle minds
73. Idols of the mind
74. Pleasures of the idle
75. Immoral idolatry
76. Who thought the human understanding was like a false mirror?
77. Bacon
78. Shakespeare
79. Browning
80. Poe
81. Which type of interview requires employees to engage in role play in a mock office scenario?
82. Positional interview
83. Situational interview
84. Postemployment interview
85. Review interview
86. Seniority refers to
87. Age
88. Longevity of employment
89. Longevity with a firm
90. Position in a firm
91. The practice of promoting from within a firm is called
92. Seniority preference
93. Location preference
94. Inbreeding
95. Nepotism
96. The practice of showing favoritism to relatives and close friends is called
97. Bushwacking
98. Nepotism
99. Inbreeding
100. Relationalism
101. The requirement that the reasons for discipline or discharge deal directly with job performance is called
102. Just war
103. Just cause
104. Due process
105. Due restraint
106. The principle that refers to the fairness of the procedures for worker discipline and discharge is called
107. Just war
108. Just cause
109. Due process
110. Due restraint
111. An employees’ poor performance could result in
112. Firing
113. Position elimination
114. Termination
115. Forfeiture
116. Temporary unemployment in which an employee is subject to recall is a
117. Firing
118. Termination
119. Forfeiture
120. Lay-off

True/False Questions (12)

1. It is usual to distinguish between four types of employee discharge.

2. It is recommended not to terminate employees on a Friday.

3. A living wage is the amount of money a full-time employee needs to live on at the poverty line.

4. Kant endorsed the principle of respect for human dignity.

5. Franklin D. Roosevelt opposed labor unions.

6. The National Labor Relations Act is also called The Wagner Act.

7. The National Labor Relations Act was replaced by the Taft-Hartley Act.

8. Twenty-two states are right to work states.

9. The AFL and the GIO merged in 1955.

10. Union membership decreases in periods of economic crisis.

11. A card check is when the majority of workers in a company sign up to join a union.

12. Adam Smith believed that usually employers enjoy advantages over employees.

Essay Questions (6)

1. What do you think (a) A Rawlsian’s response, and (b) a libertarian’s response, would be to unionization? Explain your answer.
2. Do you believe that Rawls would support the Americans with Disabilities Act? Do you believe that Nozick would? Which position do you endorse? Argue for your view.
3. Do you believe that there are any tactics that unions could use in their disputes with employers that are legal but immoral? Do you believe that there are any tactics that they could use that are moral, but illegal? In each case you should explain why you believe the tactics you address to be morally acceptable.
4. Do you believe that employees own their company any loyalty? Why, or why not?
5. Do you believe that a company has the right to require workers to behave in certain ways when they are not directly working for the company? What types of behavior do you have in mind when answering this question, either affirmatively or negatively? Why do you believe as you do?
6. Do you believe that an employer should seek to discover information about their employees that might be considered private, such as their health status or financial situation? Why, or why not?

Chapter Nine: The Workplace (2): Today’s Challenges

Multiple Choice Questions (24)

1. Our concern for privacy has ____ dimensions.
2. Two
3. Three
4. Four
5. Five
6. The strength of a privacy right depends on
7. The law
8. Circumstances
9. Whose right it is
10. Corporate culture
11. Enterprise Rent-A-Car lays down ____ dress-code guidelines for women.
12. 15
13. 20
14. 25
15. 30
16. Wellness programs are
17. Clearly immoral
18. Paternalistic
19. Illegal
20. Imprudent
21. Compulsion comes in
22. Packets
23. Flavors
24. Degrees
25. Bundles
26. Informed consent implies deliberation and ____ _____.
27. Free choice
28. Eager participation
29. Worker benefit
30. Employer risk
31. For consent to be legitimate, it must be
32. Coerced
33. Compensated
34. Voluntary
35. Confirmed
36. Polygraph tests record changes in
37. Psychological processes
38. Honesty
39. Physiological processes
40. Environment
41. The use of polygraphs is argued to allow business to abolish the use of
42. Audits
43. Salary decreases
44. Random firing
45. Nepotism
46. Lynn March holds that polygraphs are accurate
47. 33% of the time
48. 45% of the time
49. 78% of the time
50. 90% of the time
51. David T. Lykken holds that polygraphs have, at most, been measured as being accurate
52. 27% of the time
53. 63% of the time
54. 74% of the time
55. 90% of the time
56. Polygraphs infringe on
57. Autonomy
58. Liberty
59. Privacy
60. Property
61. Christopher Pyle holds that polygraphs infringe on
62. Autonomy
63. Liberty
64. Privacy
65. Property
66. The Employee Polygraph Protection Act was passed in
67. 1976
68. 1984
69. 1988
70. 1996
71. How many of the Fortune 100 companies use the Myers-Brigg Type Indicator?
72. 36
73. 67
74. 89
75. 92
76. The Electronic Communications Privacy Act was passed in
77. 1976
78. 1986
79. 1996
80. 2006
81. How many large corporations test their employees or job applicants for illegal substances?
82. 46%
83. 67%
84. 87%
85. 92%
86. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, about how many workers are killed on the job in any given year?
87. 5,000
88. 7,000
89. 10,000
90. 12,000
91. According to the director of OSHA, about how many workers are killed on the job each day in the United States?
92. 24
93. 32
94. 54
95. 67
96. Voluntary assumption or risk presupposes
97. Higher wages
98. Ignorance of risk
99. Love of risk
100. Informed consent
101. The right to refuse dangerous work is a
102. Legal right
103. Dangerous precedent
104. Employment flaw
105. Legal loophole
106. The Occupational Health and Safety Act was passed in
107. 1968
108. 1970
109. 1976
110. 1984
111. Critics say that OSHA has moved from being a
112. Beat cop to a social worker
113. Maverick cop to a team player
114. Government agent to a corporate lackey
115. Social worker to a toothless dragon
116. A study showed that OHSA declined to prosecute in what percentage of cases of “willful” safety violations?
117. 67
118. 73
119. 82
120. 93

True/False Questions (12)

1. Musculoskeletal disorders are becoming an epidemic.

2. OSHA exerts direct control over the shifts peole work.

3. Sleep deprivation and fatigue cost Americans $100 billion a year

4. We have only just begun to appreciate the health implications of job stress.

5. The average American puts in 1200 hours on the job a year.

6. The average American works 350 more hours a year than their German counterparts.

7. Six out of ten employees now work non-standard hours.

8. Douglas McGregor described two styles of management.

9. Theory X managers assume that employees like work.

10. Theory Z is a Japanese style of management.

11. More personal styles of management are thought to be less congenial to women.

12. Women’s participation in the workforce has nearly doubled since 1960.

Essay Questions (6)

1. Do you believe that privacy is important? If so, why? Can it be traded off against other things of importance? Given your answers to these questions, do you think that employee monitoring is ethically permissible?
2. Do you believe that there is a right to receive day care? If so, why? If not, why not? Do you think that it is fair to withhold daycare, knowing that this is likely to penalize women more than it does men? Justify your answer.
3. Do you think that different management styles would have different moral implications? Do you think that an adherent of any given ethical theory would prefer one form of management over another? What does your answer here tell you about your views concerning the underlying presuppositions (e.g., their view of human nature) that are made by the proponents of both ethical theories and schools of management?
4. Do you believe that an employee who accedes to an employer’s request ever does so fully freely? Discuss your answer and justify it, basing it upon your understanding of freedom and its limits.
5. Which type of management style would Rawls be most likely to endorse?
6. Do you believe that it would be unethical for an employee to try to “cheat” a polygraph test or a personality test? If so, why? If not, why not? What would (a) Mill say here, (b) Kant say here?

Chapter Ten: Moral Choices Facing Employees

Multiple Choice Questions (24)

1. A business fir functions
2. For social benefit
3. To make money
4. To create employment
5. To generate social welfare
6. The notion of company loyalty, according to Shaw, is
7. Outdated
8. Trendy
9. Commonplace
10. Rare
11. What is the primary source of an organization’s right to expect employees to act on its behalf?
12. Common decency
13. Morality
14. Common law
15. Contract
16. The buying or selling of stocks by business insiders on the basis of information that has not yet been made public is
17. Insider trading
18. Business broking
19. Hedging bets
20. Whistle blowing
21. The SEC is the
22. Securities and Exchange Commission
23. Securities and Exchange Counsel
24. Social Excellence Committee
25. Social Expense Commission
26. Which theory of insider trading did the U.S. Supreme Court endorse in 1997?
27. The misappropriation theory
28. The misapplication theory
29. The stock-bond theory
30. The whisperer theory
31. Which Supreme Court case addressed insider trading in 1997?
32. Griswold v. Connecticut
33. Roe v. Wade
34. Brown v. Board
35. U.S. v. O’Hagan
36. Henry Manne
37. Thinks insider trading is illegal
38. Thinks insider trading is immoral
39. Sees nothing wrong with insider trading
40. Sees insider trading as a violation of trust
41. It is claimed that insider trading is good as it
42. Increases market efficiency
43. Adds another benefit to employment
44. Increases the wealth of insiders
45. Decreases company disloyalty
46. Proctor and Gamble once sued three rival food chains for making
47. Immoral pickles
48. Infringing cookies
49. Debatable shortbread
50. Actionable cheesecake
51. The Economic Espionage Act was passed in
52. 1976
53. 1986
54. 1996
55. 2006
56. There are at least ____ arguments for protecting trade secrets
57. 3
58. 4
59. 5
60. 6
61. At one point, the job tenure of an executive in the software industry was
62. 17 months
63. 19 months
64. 22 months
65. 26 months
66. Nondisclosure contracts can conflict with
67. Freedom of employment
68. Freedom of the press
69. Freedom of marriage
70. Freedom of religion
71. To pay someone to violate his or her official duties is to
72. Violate them
73. Coerce them
74. Bribe them
75. Harass them
76. A percentage payment made to a person able to influence or control a source of income is a
77. Mule kick
78. Whistle blow
79. Kickback
80. Backdraft
81. The FCPA is the
82. Franklin-Calloway Protestors’ Act
83. Federal Communications Protection Act
84. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
85. Federal Corrupt Persons Act
86. The FCPA was passed in
87. 1967
88. 1977
89. 1987
90. 1997
91. The FCPA has exceptions for
92. Foreign workers
93. Grease payments
94. Private payments
95. Domestic bribery
96. How many countries have passed legislation implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention?
97. 23
98. 33
99. 27
100. 37
101. How many of the world’s industrialized nations have implemented the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention?
102. None of them
103. All of them
104. 37 of them
105. 7 of them
106. According to Shaw, the FCPA reflects
107. Anglo-American law
108. Our moral standards
109. International moral standards
110. International law
111. An employee’s informing the public about the illegal or immoral behavior of an employer or organization is known as
112. Whistle blowing
113. Trumpet sounding
114. Bell ringing
115. Horn blowing
116. The voluntary release of non-public information is
117. Whistle blowing
118. Trumpet sounding
119. Bell ringing
120. Horn blowing

True/False Questions (12)

1. Norman Bowie compares whistle-blowing to the civil disobedience of the 1960s.

2. Whistle blowers can be motivated by a sense of professional responsibility.

3. Whistle blowers are often stigmatized as disloyal.

4. Whistle-blowing is never justified.

5. The question of motive is an important one in Kantian ethics.

6. The phrase “morally justified” is never ambiguous.

7. Concern with self-interest is never warranted.

8. Supererogatory actions are above and beyond the call of duty.

9. The Saxones-Oxley Act provides protection for employees who report possible securities fraud.

10. Executives who retaliate against employees who report possible violations of federal law can be imprisoned for up to ten years.

11. There are never any social benefits to whistle blowing.

12. Some writers deny that employees have an obligation of loyalty to the company they work for.

Essay Questions (6)

1. Do you believe that there could ever be situations where whistle-blowing could be immoral? If so, what would they be? If not, why not?
2. One of the requirements for whistle-blowing to be morally acceptable, according to Shaw, is that it is done with the right intention. Why does the intention with which an act is performed affect its moral character? What would Kant say here? Do you agree that intention is morally important? What would Mill say here?
3. Do you think that it is enough for an employee to disclose a conflict of interest, and allow his or her employer to make a decision concerning what to do? If so, what do you think would be the strongest objection to your position, and how would you rebut it? If not, why not?
4. Do you believe that bribery can ever be morally acceptable? What about grease payments? What, if any, are the differences between the two?
5. Do you believe that employees can freely choose to restrict their future employment opportunities when accepting employment with a firm? Why, or why not? Do you believe that an employer’s request for such future restrictions as a condition of employment is morally acceptable? Why, or why not?
6. Do you believe that there is anything morally problematic with insider trading? In answering this question you should consider the views of both Mann and Shaw, as well as the moral views of both Kant and Mill. You should argue for your view.

Chapter 11: Job Discrimination

Multiple Choice Questions (24)

1. Notre Dame did not hire an African-American coach in any sport until
2. 1996
3. 2001
4. 2002
5. 2004
6. Historically, most discrimination in the American workplace has focused on
7. Women
8. Minorities
9. Women, but not minorities
10. Women and minorities
11. Kant would hold that discriminating on the basis of race or sex was immoral because it
12. Failed to maximize happiness
13. Violated the social contract
14. Failed to respect persons as ends in themselves
15. Failed to enhance the well-being of those engaging in it
16. How many respectable arguments are there in favor of racial and sexual discrimination?
17. None
18. One
19. Two
20. Three
21. What is more important in predicting who will be fired from a job with the federal government?
22. Age
23. Prior performance
24. Race
25. Disciplinary history
26. Who has the highest standard of living in the world, according to the U.N.?
27. Europeans
28. White Americans
29. African Americans
30. Australians
31. What percentage of working African Americans hold white collar jobs?
32. 11
33. 25
34. 36
35. 40
36. Black workers with an advanced degree earn how much less that their white counterparts?
37. 10%
38. 15%
39. 25%
40. 30%
41. Women are clustered in
42. White collar occupations
43. Blue collar occupations
44. Yellow collar occupations
45. Pink collar occupations
46. The first African American CEO of a Fortune 500 company was hired in
47. 1979
48. 1989
49. 1999
50. 2009
51. In finance, how many cents do women make for every dollar earned by men?
52. 45
53. 56
54. 68
55. 76
56. Which Title of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits sexual and racial discrimination at work?
57. VI
58. VII
59. VIII
60. IX
61. How many male minority executives in large companies report feeling constrained by the white male model?
62. 24
63. 34
64. 44
65. 54
66. Edward W. Jones holds that all people
67. Possess stereotypes
68. Are biased against others of a different race
69. Are biased against others of a different sex
70. Are incompetent in different ways
71. According to Edward W. Jones, stereotypes are powerful because of their
72. Accuracy
73. Circularity
74. Psychological force
75. Adaptive advantage
76. Which court case decided that racially segregated schooling was unconstitutional?
77. Bakke v. Regents of the University of California
78. Brown v. Board
79. Griggs v. Palmer
80. Griswold v. Connecticut
81. When was the Equal Pay Act passed?
82. 1961
83. 1963
84. 1964
85. 1965
86. What started the change towards laws that attempt to safeguard the right of each person to equal treatment in employment?
87. Executive Order 10925
88. The Equal Pay Act
89. The Civil Rights Act
90. Executive Order 10256
91. What programs are designed to correct imbalances in employment that exist directly as a result of past discriminations?
92. Social Workshop Programs
93. Negative Action Programs
94. Race-based Priority Programs
95. Affirmative Action Programs
96. What proportion of persons entering the workforce today are minorities or immigrants?
97. 25%
98. 50%
99. 65%
100. 80%
101. The U.S. Supreme Court’s first major ruling on affirmative action was in
102. Brown v. Board
103. Griggs v. Palmer
104. Griswold v. Connecticut
105. Bakke v. Regents of the University of California
106. In Memphis Firefights v. Stotts the Supreme Court upheld
107. Seniority over affirmative action
108. Nepotism over affirmative action
109. Affirmative action over seniority
110. Affirmative action over nepotism
111. In her majority opinion in Grutter v. Bollinger Justice O’Connor wrote that race-conscious admissions policies must be
112. Continued indefinitely
113. Limited in time
114. Prohibited shortly
115. Imposed in all schools
116. Critics of affirmative action often label it
117. Positive discrimination
118. Reverse discrimination
119. Unconstitutional discrimination
120. Paternalistic discrimination

True/False Questions (12)

1. The doctrine of comparable worth holds that women and men should be paid on the same scale not only for doing the same or equivalent jobs but for doing jobs that involve equal skill, effort, and responsibility.

2. Legal secretaries, who are mainly women, earn more than instrument repair technicians, who are mainly men.

3. Phyllis Schlafly endorses the doctrine of comparable worth.

4. No large American corporation has escaped the issue of sexual harassment.

5. The courts do not consider sexual harassment a form of sex discrimination.

6. The phrase quid pro quo refers to giving something in return for something else.

7. Larry May believes that some offers can be coercive.

8. William Faulkner held that the past isn’t even past.

9. The Seventeenth Amendment gave women the right to vote.

10. The median wealthy of white households in the United States is more than ten timkes that of Hispanic or African-American households.

11. The U.S. Supreme Court has stated that statistical evidence by itself does not prove discrimination.

12. Most large corporations find that diversity benefits the bottom line.

Essay Questions (6)

1. Do you believe that affirmative action is morally acceptable? Do you believe that it is morally required? In answering this question you should make sure to differentiate between a practice’s being acceptable and its being required. You should also take care to address the “Point” and “Counterpoint” arguments that have been developed by Shaw in this Chapter, making sure as you do so that you expand the discussion beyond that provided by Shaw, arguing for your own view of the matter.
2. Do you think that offers can be coercive? In answering this question you should carefully explain what you take the hallmarks of coercion to be, and explain how these could, or could not, be characteristic of certain offers. How is your answer to this question relevant to issues involving discrimination in the workplace?
3. How might affirmative action programs interact with the apparent circularity of stereotyping? Does your answer to this question show that (a) persons have a moral responsibility to identify and overcome their own biases, and (b) that affirmative action programs are self-defeating? How do your answers to (a) and (b) relate to each other?
4. Do you believe that it is morally permissible to require legally companies to implement affirmative action programs? How would (a) Rawls, (b) Nozick respond?
5. If it is true that large corporations find that diversity benefits the bottom line is there any need for laws that aim to achieve diversity in the workplace? In addressing this question you should consider whether companies would diversify at a greater pace if legally required to, whether or not laws and necessarily coercive, and whether the use of coercive laws could be justified to right wrongs more quickly than they would have otherwise been righted.
6. Do you believe that Adam Smith’s “invisible hand” of the market place would lead to diversity in the workplace? If so, how? If not, why not? What do your answers to these questions tell you about (a) the limits of the “invisible hand”, and (b) the legitimate scope of the law?

Suggestions for Further Reading