6th Edition Marshak Test Bank Docx - Geology Essentials 6e Complete Test Bank by Stephen Marshak. DOCX document preview.
Interlude F: Ever-Changing Landscapes and the Hydrologic Cycle
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
IF A. Explain what a landscape is and what questions geologists ask about landscapes.
IF B. Describe the difference between uplift and subsidence, and describe the forces that drive them.
IF C. Contrast internal and external energy in the Earth System.
IF D. Differentiate between erosional and depositional landscapes.
IF E. Discuss the reservoirs and exchange processes of the hydrologic cycle.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The term for the character and shape of the Earth’s surface in a region is ________.
a. | landform | c. | landscape |
b. | erosional surface | d. | watershed |
2. What are landforms?
a. | individual shapes that make up a landscape | c. | another term for landscape |
b. | a synonym for continental crust | d. | paperwork relating to owning property |
3. The mountains around Rio de Janeiro shown in the below image represent a landscape with
a. | subsidence. |
b. | no erosion. |
c. | low relief. |
d. | high relief. |
4. If an area experiences uplift, it will form a ________; if it experiences subsidence, it will form a ________.
a. | depression; mountain | c. | valley; mesa |
b. | mountain; depression | d. | basin; mountain |
5. What process created the terrace that forms the cliff in the picture below?
a. | subsidence | c. | uplift |
b. | deposition | d. | relief |
6. Which of the following is a direct result of the Earth’s internal energy?
a. | uplift |
b. | deposition |
c. | erosion |
d. | gravity |
7. What is the maximum relief of the land surface in the topographic map below?
a. | 50 m | c. | 300 m |
b. | 100 m | d. | 400 m |
8. The difference between highest and lowest elevation in an area is called
a. | erosion. | c. | relief. |
b. | deposition. | d. | landform. |
9. Which of the following does NOT affect landscape development?
a. | distance from mountains | c. | amount of time |
b. | climate in the area | d. | amount of erosion |
10. Climate affects landscape development by controlling
a. | the composition of the substrate. |
b. | whether the rocks show signs of brittle deformation. |
c. | the space available to deposit sediments. |
d. | whether ice, wind, or water will be the main agents of erosion. |
11. Which of the following is responsible for most landscale development on the Earth over geologic time?
a. | moving water | c. | glacial ice |
b. | animals and plants | d. | winds |
12. What is the ultimate cause for the development of the landscape, the large road cut, in the following picture?
a. | climate | c. | time |
b. | human activity | d. | relief |
13. Why do some life activities strengthen the substrate while others weaken it?
a. | Burrowing creatures distribute stronger soil around, while plants digest and weaken soil. |
b. | Burrowing creatures distribute stronger soil around, while plant roots wedge soil apart. |
c. | Plant roots help anchor soil, while animals burrowing into or mining out soil weakens it. |
d. | Some organisms secrete a binding agent in the soil, while plants digest and weaken soil. |
14. Landforms built by an accumulation of sediment are called ________ landforms.
a. | erosional | c. | mechanical |
b. | depositional | d. | glacial |
15. If erosion is occurring in an area of weak rock, what would you expect the landscape to look like?
a. | gentle hills | c. | uplifted terraces |
b. | steep cliffs | d. | vertical canyons |
16. What would an area experiencing erosion look like compared to one experiencing deposition?
a. | deep valleys or canyons versus large flat, open areas |
b. | large sand dunes versus large open bodies of water |
c. | rolling hills versus steep peaks |
d. | large, dry flatlands versus deep river channels |
17. What circumstance is likely to produce depositional landforms?
a. | flash flooding of a river in the desert |
b. | a river flowing out of a lake |
c. | a river entering a large body of water |
d. | ocean waves crashing on the beach |
18. Which of the following best describes the hydrologic cycle?
a. | the movement of water through the ground to form aquifers |
b. | the cycle that water passes through when going from solid to liquid to gas |
c. | the circular motion due to density differences created when water boils |
d. | the transfer of the Earth’s water through a series of natural reservoirs |
19. How does water get from the atmosphere into the groundwater system?
a. | Precipitation falls into rivers and then flows downriver into the groundwater system. |
b. | Precipitation falls on the ground and infiltrates the ground surface to the groundwater system. |
c. | Water from the ocean is sucked into the groundwater system due to a pressure difference. |
d. | Plants secrete water into the groundwater system in a process called evapotranspiration. |
20. Which progression best describes how water from the ocean gets into a river?
a. | evaporation -> precipitation -> infiltration into the ground |
b. | evaporation -> precipitation -> runoff |
c. | evaporation -> precipitation -> evapotranspiration |
d. | evapotranspiration -> runoff -> precipitation |
21. Water can remain in the ground as groundwater for up many thousands of years. This is called
a. | aquifer storage. | c. | residence time. |
b. | the groundwater flow rate. | d. | transfer time. |
22. Why is understanding the hydrologic cycle important to understanding how landscapes form?
a. | because water has the ability to seep underground and affect the layers of rock |
b. | because the oceans cover a vast majority of our planet and are a main erosional agent |
c. | because the rate at which groundwater moves through the subsurface determines erosion rates |
d. | because water is the main agent of erosion and deposition on the Earth |
23. Which reservoir in the hydrologic cycle contains most of the Earth’s mass of liquid fresh water?
a. | the oceans |
b. | groundwater |
c. | rivers and lakes |
d. | the atmosphere |
24. Below is an oblique view showing landforms on Mars. What process is most likely responsible for creating this landscape?
a. | glacial carving | c. | flowing water |
b. | deposition | d. | burrowing |
25. Why are the landscapes on Mars so different from those on the Earth?
a. | The life forms on Mars do not cause landforms. |
b. | Mars does not have plate tectonics. |
c. | Wind is not an agent of erosion on Mars. |
d. | Water and ice have never been agents of erosion on Mars. |
1. What is a landform and how is it linked to the landscape?
2. Contrast the types of energy that control uplift and erosion.
3. Provide three examples of agents of erosion. Would the landforms created by each of these agents be similar or different? Explain.
4. Starting with a drop of water in the ocean, describe a full cycle of movement of the water drop through the hydrologic cycle (the water must end up back in the ocean). Through what reservoirs does that water move? What physical forms does the water take (e.g., liquid, solid, gas)?
5. Study the topographic map below. Label where the map indicates the highest relief. Describe one possible interpretation of why this landscape has an area of high relief and other areas of lower relief.
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