Testbank

Chapter 2: What is Sociological about the Digital Society?

Questions:

1. Social studies of technological systems have demonstrated that technologies are:
   1. Neutral
   2. Value-laden
   3. Becoming increasingly unpopular
   4. Becoming obsolete
2. What term describes how data analytics are being used to observe and govern the poor?
   1. Internet inequality
   2. Online prison
   3. Data discrimination
   4. Digital poor house
3. What term describes the use of data analysis to determine risk?
   1. Probability data analysis
   2. Insurance data analysis
   3. Predictive data analysis
   4. Determining data analysis
4. What term describes programmable digital infrastructures controlled by

operators who curate the interactions of users?

• 1. Moderators
  2. Social media
  3. Platforms
  4. Boards

1. The infrastructuralization of the Internet describes how:
   1. The Internet’s infrastructure is rapidly evolving
   2. Digital services are becoming increasingly indispensable to the conduct of everyday life
   3. Patterns of internet usage are shaped by user’s location
   4. Internet providers dictate how the internet is used
2. The term digital divide describes:
   1. The gap between those who have access to digital technologies and those who do not
   2. Brand loyalty to a specific computer brand
   3. The lack of compatibility between different computer operating systems
   4. Differences in how old and young people use the Internet
3. The term technological determinism refers to:
   1. Society having an active impact on largely passive technologies
   2. How past technologies dictate the shape of future technologies
   3. Technology having an active impact on a largely passive society
   4. The laws put in place to govern the use of technology
4. Which perspective explores the development and use of digital technology in practice?
   1. The methodological perspective
   2. The contextual perspective
   3. The interactive perspective
   4. The socio-technological perspective
5. Which sociological perspective examines wider process of interaction and interactivity between technology, knowledge and society?
   1. The interactive perspective
   2. The contextual perspective
   3. The socio-technological perspective
   4. The methodological perspective
6. Which perspective seeks to understand transformations in ways of knowing and intervening in digital societies?
   1. The interactive perspective
   2. The contextual perspective
   3. The methodological perspective
   4. The socio-technological perspective

Chapter 3: What is Sociological about the Environment?

Questions:

1. Which theorist emphasized the distinction of the social from the natural world?
   1. Peter Dickens
   2. Émile Durkheim
   3. John Hannigan
   4. Karl Marx
2. Which perspective views humans as separate from, and more important than, the rest of nature?
   1. Anthropocentric
   2. Humanist
   3. Humancentric
   4. Nurture over nature
3. Environmental sociology argues that:

• 1. Human societies have no influence over physical environments
  2. Physical environments can influence and be influenced by human societies and behaviours
  3. The behaviour of humans has no influence over physical environments
  4. The environment has a determining impact on human behaviour

1. Which theorist explored how the ways in which humans work on and change nature also affects humans, using bovine spongiform encephalopathy as an example?
   1. Émile Durkheim
   2. John Hannigan
   3. John Urry
   4. Peter Dickens
2. ‘Green social theory’ and ‘Environmental Sociology’ are categorized under which perspective?
   1. Social constructionist
   2. Functionalist
   3. Realist
   4. Marxist
3. Which approach to environmental problems focus on exploring how and why issues come to be classified as natural, considered problematic, and rise to societal attention?
   1. Marxist
   2. Realist
   3. Social constructionist
   4. Feminist
4. Which theorist outlines six factors for the successful construction of environmental problems?
   1. John Hannigan
   2. Peter Dickens
   3. Émile Durkheim
   4. John Urry
5. The term capitalocene draws attention to:
   1. The impact of the global environment shaping capitalist economies
   2. The impact of human activity in shaping global environmental change
   3. The impact of capitalist economies in shaping global environmental change
   4. The impact of industrialization in shaping global environmental change
6. Which elements do the concept of sustainability encompass?
   1. Environmental
   2. Economic
   3. Social
   4. All of the above
7. Signatories of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change report on which of the following emissions:
   1. All emissions of carbon dioxide from industry, government, households, and transport within a country
   2. International emissions associated with aviation and shipping
   3. Emissions associated with making goods which are imported from outside the country
   4. All of the above

Chapter 4: What is Sociological about Crime?

Questions:

1. Durkheim claimed that crime is:
   1. Pathological
   2. Functional to society
   3. Biological
   4. A symptom of a diseased society
2. Which theory asserts that crime occurs when individuals lack the legitimate means to achieve societal goals?
   1. Strain
   2. Rebellion
   3. Anomie
   4. Labeling
3. Which theorist proposed the theory of differential association?
   1. Émile Durkheim
   2. Merton
   3. Sutherland
   4. Cohen
4. Differential association theory claims that criminal behavior is:
   1. Inherited
   2. Limited to the poor and disadvantaged
   3. The result of an individual’s personality traits
   4. Learnt through interactions with others
5. What forum was formed in response to a dissatisfaction with mainstream British criminology:
   1. National Deviancy Conference
   2. Regional Crime Conference
   3. British Crime symposium
   4. Global Criminology Committee
6. Which research center proposed that ideological coding and political struggles resulted in social groups being labeled as deviant:
   1. Chicago School
   2. Institute of Criminology
   3. Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies
   4. The Centre for Criminology
7. Crimmigration refers to:
   1. Crimes committed by immigrants
   2. Crimes committed against immigrants
   3. The intertwining of immigration and criminal law
   4. Integrating criminals into society
8. Early sociological definitions regarded subcultures as:
   1. Groups of less than ten individuals
   2. Developing societies
   3. Sub-divisions of a national culture
   4. Non-Western cultures
9. Urban ecology explores:
   1. How rural and urban crimes differ
   2. Why psychologically deviant people live in certain areas
   3. The impact of crimes on the natural environment
   4. How the structure of urban environments encourages deviant lifestyles and criminal activity.
10. What term coined by Edwin Sutherland describes crimes committed by privileged groups?
    1. Middle class crime
    2. White collar crime
    3. Intersectionality
    4. Blue collar crime

Chapter 5: What is Society?

Questions:

1. Libertarian views propose that society is:
   1. An unobservable ‘thing’ that exists beyond individuals
   2. Solely a collection of individuals
   3. The bond between communities
   4. A group of people born within the same country
2. Methodological individualism refers to:
   1. A research method created by one person
   2. Studies carried out by one researcher
   3. Studies that focus on one research participant
   4. Analyzing social life on the assumption that it is the result of individual actions
3. Methodological collectivism refers to:
   1. Analyzing social life on the assumption that it is the result of group dynamics
   2. A method created by multiple people
   3. Studies carried out by multiple researchers
   4. Studies that focus on multiple research participants
4. Who proposed hat populations were held together by a conscience collective?
   1. Max Weber
   2. Karl Marx
   3. Émile Durkheim
   4. Erving Goffman
5. Max Weber argued that social phenomena:
   1. Are things that exist within their own right
   2. Did not exist
   3. Should not be abstracted
   4. Should be understood though a methodological collective approach

1. Which theorist saw society as a combination of both individual actions and institutional structures?
   1. Karl Marx
   2. Max Weber
   3. Émile Durkheim
   4. Erving Goffman
2. The term culture describes:
   1. Fixed meanings and values held by members of a society
   2. Innate preferences
   3. The preferences of the upper classes
   4. The meanings that members of a society subscribe to forming commonly held values
3. The term norm refers to:
   1. Genetically determined ways of behaving
   2. How individuals express their ‘true selves’
   3. Expectations about how individuals should typically behave.
   4. Neurotypical individuals
4. Roles are:
   1. Innate
   2. Learnt through socialization
   3. Genetically determined
   4. Fixed
5. Social integration describes:
   1. Relocating to a new state
   2. Undertaking research on a subgroup’s culture
   3. The communication between two or more individuals
   4. The extent to which individuals and collectives consistently enact their roles within society

Chapter 6: Sociology of an Interconnected World

Questions:

1. Which model of society assumes that all the information needed to study how societies function are contained within their borders?
   1. The anti-global model of society
   2. The national model of society
   3. The container model of society
   4. The bordered model of society
2. When was the term globalization coined?
   1. 1990s
   2. 1980s
   3. 1920s
   4. 1900s
3. Which theorist used the examples of Germany and Puerto Rico to argue against the assumption that each society corresponds to a nation-state?
   1. Karl Marx
   2. Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea
   3. Immanuel Wallerstein
   4. Claudia von Werlhof
4. Research has shown that the gap in average incomes between rich and poor countries have:
   1. Increased
   2. Stayed the same
   3. Fallen by 25%
   4. Halved
5. Research conducted by Korzeniewicz and Albrecht found that from 1982 to 2009 the average hourly wage in New York was:
   1. 25% more than in Mumbai
   2. 50% more than in Mumbai
   3. 500% more than in Mumbai
   4. 1000% more than in Mumbai
6. What is the one of the most effective strategies for upward mobility for those born within low-income countries?

• 1. Education
  2. Marrying into a higher social class
  3. International migration
  4. Entrepreneurship

1. What term describes how being born in a very rich country equates to being better-off than someone born in a very poor country at any point of the income distribution?
   1. Wage inequality
   2. Income inequality
   3. Citizenship premium
   4. Global premium
2. By being born in the United States rather than in Congo, a person would multiply their income by how many times?
   1. 22
   2. 56
   3. 93
   4. 104
3. What term describes an external condition imposed on colonized countries by colonial powers which maintains the flow of economic surplus from the formed to the latter after independence?
   1. Dependency
   2. Reliance
   3. Economic subjugation
   4. Global income suppression
4. What term describes a worldwide tendency towards the opening of state boarders to the free flow of goods and capital?
   1. Free movement
   2. Globalization
   3. Capitalism
   4. Neo-liberalism

Chapter 7: Classical Sociologies

Questions:

1. Classical sociology includes works by:
   1. Academics
   2. Public intellectuals
   3. Scholars
   4. All of the above
2. Which term describes the fast-paced social changes which classical sociologists sought to understand?
   1. Post-modernism
   2. Modernity
   3. Modernism
   4. Social evolution

1. Which theorist attempted to unify the works of classical sociologists in the 1930s?

• 1. Karl Marx
  2. Max Weber
  3. Talcott Parsons
  4. Émile Durkheim

1. What term describes the intertwined developments of free labour and a systematic pursuit of profit?

• 1. Industrialism
  2. Exploitation
  3. The free market
  4. Modern capitalism

1. Which theorist explained capitalism in relation to the rise of a new kind of religious ethic?

• 1. Max Weber
  2. Karl Marx
  3. Émile Durkheim
  4. Talcott Parsons

1. What term describes the separate political institutions that govern daily life which are characterized by bureaucratic organizations as well as a monopoly of the use of physical violence?
   1. Autocracy
   2. Modern state
   3. Bureaucracy
   4. Political state

1. Man-made laws which are not based on the notion of human nature are called?
   1. Positive laws
   2. Natural laws
   3. Civil laws
   4. Social laws
2. Which theorist argues that deviance affirmed societal norms?
   1. August Comte
   2. Max Weber
   3. Émile Durkheim
   4. None of the above
3. Eurocentrism describes:
   1. Studies undertaken by Europeans
   2. A view of the world which focuses on and privileges the global north
   3. Studies which take place within Europe
   4. A view of the world which discounts knowledge not produced in the global north
4. Cosmopolitism argues that:
   1. Globally, human beings are inherently different
   2. Human beings are members of the same species
   3. Studies should focus on urban environments
   4. Research should pay more of a focus on rural environments

Chapter 8: Contemporary Social Thory

Questions:

1. Traditional social theory has been described as:
   1. The study of societies prior to the 1900s
   2. The attempt to describe, analyze, interpret, explain and access social reality systematically
   3. The transition from traditional to modern societies
   4. The attempt to understand how different groups interpret social reality
2. Empirical research explores:
   1. Real world social phenomena
   2. Ideas generated through theorizing
   3. Research generated in laboratory conditions
   4. Research that is nationally representative
3. Theorists concerned with the historical constitution of social reality argue that:
   1. The past has no impact on the present
   2. Social reality repeats itself throughout history
   3. We can predict the future by looking at the past
   4. It is necessary to explore the past to gain an understanding of the present

1. Pessimistic social theorists argue that:
   1. Power inequalities are inevitable
   2. It is possible to eliminate inequalities
   3. Inequalities are natural
   4. Inequalities are positive

1. Which approach tends to be associated with methodological individualism?
   1. Marxist
   2. Weberian
   3. Durkheimian
   4. None of the above

1. Contemporary social theory generally refers to social theories developed from:
   1. The early nineteenth century
   2. The late nineteenth century
   3. The early twentieth century
   4. The mid-twentieth century
2. The Weberian paradigm of understanding argues that social theory should be understood by exploring:
   1. Social structures
   2. The differences between societies
   3. Collective actions
   4. How individuals interpret their reality

1. Ethno-conscious social theory argues that:
   1. Claims to knowledge are culturally situated
   2. Claims to knowledge are universal
   3. Scientific research is free from researcher bias
   4. Researchers should abandon classical social theory
2. Interdisciplinary research:
   1. Combines knowledge from different academic areas
   2. Combines knowledge from multiple researchers within the same field
   3. Is only undertaken within sociology
   4. Describes all research undertaken from the twentieth century

1. The pleas for public sociology
   1. Encourages sociologists to engage with non-academic audiences
   2. Encourages sociologists to use the public within their research
   3. Encourages the public to undertake research
   4. Encourages the public to learn social theory

Chapter 9: Beyond the Qualitative/Quantitative Divide

Questions:

1. Quantitative data focuses on:
   1. The collection and analysis of numerical data
   2. The collection and analysis on non-numerical data
   3. Studies with more than 20 participants
   4. Studies with less than 20 participants
2. Qualitative data focuses on:
   1. The collection and analysis of numerical data
   2. Studies with more than 20 participants
   3. The collection and analysis on non-numerical data
   4. Studies with less than 20 participants
3. Which epistemological position states that the social world can be understood through objective scientific research methods?
   1. Positivism
   2. Interpretivism
   3. Post-modernism
   4. Feminism
4. Which research approach blends quantitative and qualitative methods?
   1. Blended learning
   2. Mixed methods
   3. Innovative methods
   4. Hybrid methods
5. The tendency for respondents to portray themselves in a positive manner is called:
   1. The Halo effect
   2. The positive effect
   3. Self-admiration bias
   4. Social desirability
6. The term validity focuses on:
   1. If the same results would be generated in a repeated study
   2. Whether findings would be applicable to other settings
   3. Whether measures used within a study accurately measure what they claim to
   4. Whether researchers are aware of their biases
7. Reliability focuses on:

• 1. If the same results would be generated in a repeated study
  2. Whether measures used within a study accurately measure what they claim to
  3. Whether findings would be applicable to other settings
  4. Whether researchers are aware of their biases

1. What is the term for when qualitative research reaches the stage where the same patterns and themes are being discovered?
   1. Repetition
   2. Solubility
   3. Completion
   4. Saturation
2. The process for selecting particular groups of research participants for a study is called:
   1. Bias
   2. Recruitment
   3. Sampling
   4. Data collection
3. Ensuring that the research process is visible so that it can evaluated by others is called:
   1. Visibility
   2. Transparency
   3. Validity
   4. Clarity

Chapter 10: Methods – Visual, Internet

Questions:

1. Visual sociology stems from which of the following disciplines:
   1. Anthropology
   2. Geography
   3. Art and design
   4. All of the above
2. The first publication with the title Visual Sociology was published in:
   1. 1989
   2. 1995
   3. 2000
   4. 2012
3. Visual images:
   1. Are used exclusively by qualitative researchers
   2. Are used exclusively by quantitative researchers
   3. Are interpreted in the same ways by different viewers
   4. Are interpreted in different ways by different viewers
4. Photo-interviewing or photo-elicitation describes:
   1. Using photos in interviews to provoke or elicit memories and stories.
   2. Using photographs to prompt a researcher’s memory
   3. Using photographs to make conclusions about the past
   4. Taking pictures within ethnographic research
5. Within Analía Meo’s (2010) ethnographic research it was revealed that photo-elicitation resulted in:
   1. Shorter interviews
   2. Richer interviews
   3. Less detailed interviews
   4. More interviews
6. Which visual method involves researchers’ or participants taking photographs?
   1. Photo diaries
   2. Photographic records
   3. Photo planning
   4. Social capturing
7. What visual method involves researchers or participants recording videos?
   1. Recorded records
   2. Video planning
   3. Video diaries
   4. Film diaries
8. Which sociological method encourages researchers to consider the visible amongst all the other senses?
   1. Sensory sociology
   2. Physical sociology
   3. Tangible sociology
   4. Live sociology
9. Kathryn M Orzech et al.’s (2017) study, which explored the practices of taking and sharing digital photographs amongst young adults and older adults found that:
   1. Young adults co-created online identities in a way that older adults did not
   2. Older adults co-created online identities in a way that young adults did not
   3. Both young adults and older adults co-created online identities
   4. Young adults failed to recognize that their online identities were edited versions of self
10. Which researcher maintained a daily photographic diary over 15 years?
    1. Elizabeth Chaplin
    2. Louisa Allen
    3. Analía Meo
    4. Marisol Clark-Ibáñez

Chapter 11: Class

Questions:

1. Class refers to:
   1. Your level of poverty
   2. What a person has in comparison to others
   3. Where you live
   4. Your status in society
2. Socially constructed differences concerning bodily health and lifespan are called:
   1. Vital inequalities
   2. Existential inequalities
   3. Resource inequality
   4. Life inequalities
3. Which of the following is an existential inequality?
   1. Unequal access to income
   2. Unequal access to healthcare
   3. Unequal allocations of political rights
   4. Unequal allocations of wealth
4. What type of inequality refers to unequal access to income, wealth or education?
   1. Monetary inequality
   2. Vital inequality
   3. Resource inequality
   4. Income inequality
5. Meritocracy describes:
   1. The appointment of friends and family to positions of power regardless of their skill set
   2. Rewards generated through an individual’s ability and effort
   3. Rewards gained through a person’s social network
   4. When individuals take credit for another person’s work
6. Which theorist distinguished 4 main types of capital?
   1. Pierre Bourdieu
   2. Karl Marx
   3. Max Weber
   4. Friedrich Engels
7. Since the 1970s many countries have experienced:
   1. A slight increase in income inequalities
   2. Dramatic increase in income inequalities
   3. A decline in income inequalities
   4. No change to their levels of income inequality
8. The world inequality report (2018) argues that between 1980–2016 strong growth in emerging markets was associated with:
   1. No change in inequality levels
   2. The eradication of inequality
   3. Decreased inequalities
   4. Increased inequalities
9. Jonathan Mijs (2019) argues that most people who live in more inequal societies are:
   1. Unsympathetic to inequality
   2. Unaware of the true extent of inequality
   3. Fully informed on the extent of inequality
   4. Upper class
10. Since 1960 the gap between the per-capita GDP of the US and Latin America has grown by:
    1. 155%
    2. 53%
    3. 13%
    4. 206%

Chapter 12: Gender

Questions:

1. The founding fathers of sociology used the term men to describe:
   1. Humanity
   2. Those biologically born male
   3. Those who identify as male
   4. Adult males
2. Ann Oakley argues that gender is:
   1. A social construct
   2. A cultural construct
   3. A social and cultural construct
   4. Determined by biological sex
3. The first wave of feminism concerned:

• 1. The fight for equal social rights
  2. Highlighting the lived experiences of non-white women
  3. The fight for legal rights and suffrage
  4. Global inequalities based on sex

1. The second wave of feminism was particularly active between:
   1. 1960s–1980s
   2. 1940s–1960s
   3. 1980s–2000s
   4. 1920s–1940s
2. Which branch of feminism discusses how women’s labour is exploited within capitalist economies?
   1. Capital feminism
   2. Marxist feminism
   3. Labour feminism
   4. Functionalist feminism
3. The term sexgender argues that:
   1. Gender and sex are intertwined concepts
   2. Sex has a greater influence than gender
   3. Sex and gender are different names for the same concept
   4. Gender has a greater influence than sex
4. The term patriarchy refers to:
   1. Men wanting to rule over women
   2. Men being seen as physically stronger than women
   3. A social system which particularly prioritizes women over men
   4. A social system which particularly prioritizes men over women
5. Feminist qualitative methods center on:
   1. Studying women
   2. Statistics demonstrating the high levels of abuse against women
   3. People’s subjective experiences of gendered inequalities
   4. Objective social facts on gendered inequalities
6. What is the theoretical base used to explore how different power and social systems connect to each other?
   1. Social connections
   2. Intersectionality
   3. Bridging theory
   4. Overlap theory
7. Sexuality refers to:
   1. The gender you identify as
   2. The biological sex you were born with
   3. A person’s sexual partners
   4. The gender of the people to whom a person is sexually attracted

Chapter 13: Race

Questions:

1. According to most sociologists, race is:
   1. Socially constructed
   2. Biological
   3. Innate
   4. Fixed
2. Racialization refers to:
   1. Describing racial categories
   2. Racism against certain ethnicities
   3. Highlighting the significance of race to serve racist ends
   4. Stereotypes based on skin colour
3. Xenoracism is:
   1. A form of racism based on an individual’s culture or nationality
   2. A form of racism based on skin color
   3. A form of racism based on a person’s religion
   4. A form of racism based on regional differences
4. Which theorist discusses the three elements of double consciousness?
   1. Karl Marx
   2. George Herbert Mead
   3. Charles Horton Cooley
   4. William Edward Burghardt DuBois
5. The idea that only certain societies are able to progress to become civilized is called:
   1. Evolutionary racism
   2. Societal discrimination
   3. Civilization racism
   4. Civilization bias
6. The subtle forms of racism embedded within society’s structures and organizations is called:
   1. Institutional racism
   2. Hierarchical racism
   3. Structural racism
   4. Organizational racism
7. Colorism refers to:
   1. The interactions between different races
   2. The idea that skin color is invisible
   3. Systems of privilege based on a person’s ethnicity
   4. Systems of privilege based on the color of a person’s skin
8. Which theorist discusses the race relations cycle?
   1. Robert Park
   2. William Edward Burghardt DuBois
   3. Stuart Hall
   4. Paul Gilroy
9. Islamophobia refers to:

• 1. A form of racism which discriminates against Muslims based on their religion
  2. A form of racism which discriminates against Muslims based on their skin colour
  3. A form of racism that discriminates against individuals from the Middle East
  4. A form of racism that takes place within the Middle East

1. Which position asserts that racism is no longer a significant issue within society?
   1. Diminished racial inequality
   2. Racial equality theory
   3. Past racism
   4. Post racism

Chapter 14: Age

Questions:

1. Sociology understands age as:
   1. A biological process
   2. A socio-cultural construct
   3. A psychological development
   4. A problem
2. In a super-aged society, the share of persons aged 65 years and older amounts to:
   1. < 7%
   2. < 14%
   3. < 20%
   4. < 25%
3. Gerontology refers to:
   1. The growing share of older adults in society
   2. The medical study of age and aging
   3. The multidisciplinary study of age and aging
   4. The risk of social exclusion which older adults face
4. The majority of older adults:
   1. Is female
   2. Is lonely
   3. Is care-dependent
   4. Is European

1. The term ageism refers to:
   1. Aging populations and demographic change
   2. Aging as a problem for societies
   3. The diversity of older adults
   4. Age-based stereotypes, attitudes, and age-discriminatory behaviour
2. Chronological age usually refers to:

• 1. One’s overall health
  2. One’s date of birth
  3. One’s genetic signature of ageing
  4. How one feels and behaves

1. Societies which assign different age groups to specific roles, institutions and places are called:
   1. Banded societies
   2. Age-segregated societies
   3. Bracketed societies
   4. Divided societies
2. Chrononormativity is the notion that:
   1. Younger generations should be respectful to their elders
   2. Certain behaviours should be enacted by particular ages
   3. Age bestows knowledge
   4. People should act in a way that makes them happy regardless of their age
3. The mask of aging refers to:
   1. Older adults feeling older than their chronological age
   2. Older adults feeling that their youthful inner self is concealed by their ageing body
   3. Older adults covering up their age
   4. Older adults using their age as an excuse for deviant behaviour

1. Two-thirds of the worlds older population live in
   1. The global North
   2. America
   3. Developing countries
   4. China

Chapter 15: Families and Households

Questions:

1. A nuclear family describes a household consisting of:
   1. Parents, children and grandparents
   2. A single parent household
   3. A male breadwinner, female homemaker and caregiver and children
   4. A family with same sex parents
2. In sociology the term household usually refers to:

• 1. The physical structure that provides groups of people or individuals with shelter
  2. The people who live in the same house
  3. A person’s extended family
  4. The sociological study of families

1. Boundaries are:
   1. Fixed
   2. Both inclusive and exclusive
   3. Inclusive
   4. Exclusive
2. Families of choice refer to:

• 1. Families with adopted children
  2. Boundaries surrounding who is considered family members based on choice rather the ascribed relationships
  3. Ascribed relationships
  4. Families whose members are biologically related

1. Which theorist proposed the concept of personal life?
   1. Lynn Jamieson
   2. Ulrich Beck
   3. Carol Smart
   4. Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim

1. Which concept focuses on what families do:
   1. Active theory
   2. Household practices
   3. Family trends
   4. Family practices
2. Which theory argues that the gendered patterns of divisions of labour within households is due to individuals making decisions on what benefits their households the most?
   1. Rational choice theory
   2. Gender role theory
   3. Cost-benefit theory
   4. Labour division theory
3. Which concept discusses that families have to present their familiar relationships, as they may not be obviously recognizable to others?
   1. Family presentation
   2. The concept of display
   3. The concept of family expression
   4. Family flaunting
4. Which theory that argues that people’s behavioural patterns are linked to social expectations?
   1. Social expectation theory
   2. Social behavioral theory
   3. Social pattern theory
   4. Role theory
5. Families that do not conform to traditional heteronormative binaries are called:
   1. Queer families
   2. Blended families
   3. Nuclear families
   4. Non-conformist families

Chapter 16: Intimacies and Relationships

Questions:

1. A pure relationship describes:
   1. A person’s first relationship
   2. Unconditional love
   3. A relationship that lasts solely whilst the couple are happy within it
   4. Relationships with those who are biologically related
2. According to Eva Illouz intimacy operates through:
   1. Familiarity
   2. Economic reasoning
   3. Biology
   4. Psychology
3. Intimacy refers to:

• 1. Sexual relationships
  2. Closeness between two people
  3. Closeness between two or more people
  4. Sharing the same opinions with others

1. Second-wave feminists argue that love:
   1. Traps women within unequal relationships with men
   2. Traps men into relationships with women
   3. Can be built over time
   4. Is instantaneous
2. Endogamy refers to:
   1. Marrying two or more people
   2. Only marrying once in your life
   3. Marrying within specific social groups
   4. Marrying the first person you have been in a relationship with
3. Mediate intimacy describes:
   1. Spiritual intimacy
   2. How social and mainstream media influences and impacts on intimate relationships
   3. Using therapy to manage relationships
   4. Family members encouraging couples to sustain their intimate relationships
4. Commonly held recurring understandings of how romantic love should be performed are called:
   1. Roles
   2. Texts
   3. Plays
   4. Scripts
5. The notion that intimate relationships have shifted away from moral frameworks and local communities is called:
   1. The detraditionalization of intimacy
   2. The detraditionalization of relationships
   3. Modernism
   4. Globalism
6. The idea that traditional intimate practices have been built upon through time is called:
   1. Evolutionary intimacy
   2. Sustained intimacy
   3. Extended intimacy
   4. Expanded intimacy
7. Since 1970 marriage rates in the UK have:
   1. Stayed the same
   2. Declined
   3. Slightly increased
   4. Dramatically increased

Chapter 17: Work

Questions:

1. Which term does Karl Marx use to describe individuals who sell their labour power?
   1. Workers
   2. The bourgeoise
   3. The proletariat
   4. Blue-collar workers
2. According to Karl Marx those who own the means of production are called:
   1. The rich
   2. The bourgeoise
   3. Stakeholders
   4. CEOs
3. The term Fordism refers to:
   1. Making cars
   2. Selling handcrafted products for high profits
   3. A labour production which requires highly specialized workers who make a large contribution to the manufacturing process
   4. The standardized mass production of good which requires workers to make only a small contribution to the manufacturing process

1. The term emotional labour describes:
   1. The process of managing feelings and expressions to portray oneself to the public in a certain way
   2. Feeling emotionally drained at work
   3. Those working in psychiatry
   4. Having to listen to your peers’ problems
2. Invisible work refers to work that is:
   1. Insignificant
   2. Based on theorizing rather than producing physical goods
   3. Unnoticed or hidden from view, but necessary to make production work possible
   4. Undertaken by people who are viewed as deviant
3. Workers responsible for handling information are called:

• 1. Information workers
  2. Knowledge workers
  3. Educational specialists
  4. Scholars

1. The global slavery index estimates how many people live in modern slavery?
   1. 15.2 million
   2. 23.7 million
   3. 43.3 million
   4. 50 million
2. The type of labour which describes how employees’ appearances are commodified to fit an employer’s image is called:
   1. Aesthetic labour
   2. Model labour
   3. Appearance labour
   4. Fashion labour
3. Which term describes the decline of middle range jobs in favor of more low skilled jobs and fewer high skilled jobs?
   1. Labour inequality
   2. Labour stratification
   3. Job polarization
   4. Job divergence
4. Which term describes that idea that technology will replace human labour in factories, releasing people from jobs?
   1. Automation
   2. Post-work society
   3. Post-labour society
   4. Robotization

Chapter 18: Health

Questions:

1. The World Health Organization defines health as:

• 1. The absence of disease
  2. The absence of infirmary
  3. The state of physical, mental and social wellbeing
  4. The state of physical and mental wellbeing

1. Data from public health England found that women are expected to live:
   1. 3.6 years longer than men
   2. 3.6 years less than men
   3. 2.5 years longer than men
   4. 2.5 years less than men
2. The life expectancy gap between men and women has:
   1. Stayed the same
   2. Doubled
   3. Decreased
   4. Tripled
3. Which British groups have the best health outcomes?
   1. British Asian and white
   2. Black British and white
   3. British Chinese and white
   4. British Chinese and Asian
4. Which theorist argues that the decline in religion and development of capitalism underpinned the development of biomedical knowledge?
   1. Michel Foucault
   2. Talcott Parsons
   3. Friedrick Engels
   4. Susie Scott
5. Biomedicine developed in the global north were argued to be developed for which bodies?

• 1. Male bodies
  2. All bodies
  3. White male bodies
  4. White bodies

1. Shyness was categorized under which set of health problems in the manual of mental disorders?

• 1. Social discomfort disorders
  2. Neurological problems
  3. Social phobias
  4. Diffidence disorders

1. The process by which human conditions are defined as medical problems is called?
   1. Stereotyping
   2. Medicalization
   3. Self-fulfilling prophecy
   4. Medical labelling
2. How many people were predicted to experience a mental health problem every year in 2014?
   1. One in four
   2. One in ten
   3. One in six
   4. One in three
3. Which ethnic group is six times more likely to be diagnosed with severe psychotic mental illness?
   1. Chinese
   2. Black African
   3. White
   4. Black Caribbean
4. CAM stands for:
   1. Complementary and alternative medicines
   2. Contemporary ailment medication
   3. Current ailment medications
   4. Complementary additive-free medicines

Chapter 19: Education

Questions:

1. What area of education is the sociology of education concerned with?
   1. Primary and secondary school provision
   2. Further education
   3. Adult education
   4. All the above
2. What term describes an abstract theory based on an understanding of how society functions?
   1. Speculative theory
   2. Abstract theory
   3. Grand theory
   4. Major theory
3. Which paradigm explains the way society operates as a whole?
   1. Structural functionalism
   2. Operational theory
   3. Organizational functionalism
   4. Structural theory
4. Which paradigm explains how inequalities contribute to social differences and perpetuate differences in power?
   1. Structural inequality theory
   2. Social inequality theory
   3. Conflict theory
   4. Tension theory
5. Which paradigm explains one to one interactions?
   1. Interaction theory
   2. Symbolic interactionalism
   3. Communication theory
   4. Social interactionalism
6. Which theory explores how the use of language may shape the perceptions we have of others, which in turns influences their behaviour?

• 1. Perceptional theory
  2. Branding theory
  3. Language impact theory
  4. Labelling theory

1. What term describes when individuals internalize the traits which they have been associated with?
   1. Deviance adoption
   2. Self-fulfilling prophecy
   3. Social determinism
   4. Trait embracing
2. What term describes bias based on a person’s skin tone?
   1. Colourism
   2. Skin discrimination
   3. Skin tone racism
   4. Colour bias
3. According to data from the Insider-Outsider study, what percentage of BME students reported having to modify their ethnic or cultural identity to fit in with mainstream university culture?
   1. 12%
   2. 25%
   3. 34%
   4. 40%
4. What term describes the subtle insults or words that express prejudice, which can be intentional or unintentional?

• 1. Microaggression
  2. Subtle racism
  3. Prejudiced prose
  4. Discriminatory lexicon

Chapter 20: Religion

Questions:

1. The approach where researchers suspend their personal beliefs or non-beliefs in non-human entities is called:
   1. Methodological agnosticism
   2. Objective suspension
   3. Religious validity
   4. Value reliability
2. The functionalist approach to investigating religion focuses on:

• 1. How religions differ across countries
  2. How religion is understood and defined by individuals
  3. What religion does for society or individuals
  4. How religious views differ within subgroups

1. The substantive approach to investigating religion focuses on:
   1. What religion does for society or individuals
   2. How religion is understood and defined by individuals
   3. How religious views differ within subgroups
   4. How religions differ across countries
2. According to Ernst Troeltsch which religious organizations have the most power over their members?
   1. Cults
   2. New religious movements
   3. Churches
   4. Sects
3. What term do contemporary sociologists use to describe a community of people with their own spiritual ideas and practices, which are distinguished from established institutions within their society?
   1. Spiritualists
   2. New religious movements
   3. Gnosticism
   4. Traditional healers
4. Which theorist likened religion to opium?
   1. Max Weber
   2. Karl Marx
   3. Ernst Troeltsch
   4. Émile Durkheim
5. Which perspective argues that religion has shifted to the private sphere?
   1. The privatization of religion
   2. The domestication of religion
   3. Household religion
   4. Private religion
6. The term sacroscapes describes:
   1. The nature of religions
   2. How religions are perceived
   3. The global flows of religion
   4. The decline in religious beliefs
7. According to research by the Pew Centre which religious group is expected to be the largest in Europe by 2050?
   1. Catholicism
   2. Islam
   3. Judaism
   4. Christianity
8. Which Theorist discusses the disenchantment of the world in terms of magic and religion?

• 1. Max Weber
  2. Karl Marx
  3. Émile Durkheim
  4. Ernst Troeltsch

Chapter 21: Cultures and Consumption

Questions:

1. Which theorist discusses that fashion displays membership and is used to distinguish individuals from others?
   1. Zygmunt Bauman
   2. George Ritzer
   3. Georg Simmel
   4. Dick Hebidge
2. The consumer society describes:
   1. Societies that exchange goods for currency
   2. The increased flow of and marketing of consumer goods and the rise in availability of personal credit to buy them
   3. Societies which are wasteful due to rapidly changing ‘fast fashion’ trends
   4. The decreased ability for people to buy consumer goods
3. Commodity fetishism describes:
   1. How capitalism places value on human relations above all else
   2. When people flock to buy the most popular products of the season
   3. How capitalism places value on products and fails to appreciate the labour that produces them
   4. How capitalism appreciates the labor that produces products to motivate workers to be more productive
4. According to Zygmunt Bauman in a consumer society poverty is viewed as:
   1. A choice
   2. A myth
   3. A government failing
   4. A societal issue
5. The term material culture describes:

• 1. When people like to buy new things despite not needing them
  2. When symbolic objects mediate peoples’ identities and relationships
  3. When a society’s economy relies on making clothing
  4. When a person’s identity effects the material objects they produce

1. Which term describes people who help to produce the goods they consume?
   1. Co-Producer
   2. Consumer
   3. Prosumer
   4. Consumption producer
2. In sociology taste describes:
   1. A person’s preferences and desires which are influenced by social factors
   2. A person’s preferences and desires which are influenced by their genetics
   3. When people pretend to like things that are considered high class
   4. Objects that have a great deal of social value
3. According to Pierre Bourdieu a person’s taste is influenced by:

• 1. Their genetics
  2. Their inherited and accumulated social resources
  3. What is currently in fashion
  4. Societal pressure

1. Theorists informed by Marxist perspectives frame consumer culture as:
   1. The means for individuals to emancipate themselves from capitalist order
   2. Playing a positive function for humanity
   3. The means of blinding individuals to the reproduction of capitalist order
   4. A means of building social solidarity
2. Researchers from the British Cultural Studies tradition argue that consumers:
   1. Passively consume goods
   2. Do not alter the meanings of consumer goods
   3. Can shape the meanings of consumer goods
   4. Are buying less consumer goods

Chapter 22: War and Violence

Questions:

1. The sociology of violence has traditionally focused on:
   1. Genocide
   2. War
   3. Criminal and interpersonal violence
   4. Revolutions
2. Which of the following forms of violence have deceased in most Western states since the 13th century?
   1. Inter-state wars
   2. Interpersonal violence
   3. State-organised massacres
   4. Mass repression
3. What term describes how violence is built into systems of inequality?
   1. Structural violence
   2. Inequality violence
   3. Foundational violence
   4. Inherent violence
4. Which theorist argues that violence is the means for dominated groups to emancipate themselves?
   1. Pierre Bourdieu
   2. Max Weber
   3. Michael Mann
   4. Karl Marx
5. Which framework argues that violence highlights societal problems and encourages societies to address them?
   1. Feminism
   2. Functionalism
   3. Symbolic interactionalism
   4. Marxism
6. Which theorist argues that states alone hold the legitimate use of physical force, creating a relatively pacified society?
   1. Pierre Bourdieu
   2. Karl Marx
   3. Michael Mann
   4. Max Weber
7. What form of non-physical violence results in individuals willingly acting in ways that go against their own interests?
   1. Coercion violence
   2. Structural violence
   3. Symbolic violence
   4. Self-sabotaging violence
8. Which debates explore whether violence is caused by the characteristics and dispositions of humans or social institutions?
   1. Nature or nurture
   2. Internal or external
   3. Genetic or development
   4. Biology or upbringing
9. Which theorist coined the term despotic power?
   1. Karl Marx
   2. Pierre Bourdieu
   3. Michael Mann
   4. Max Weber
10. When did sociologists start paying greater attention to war as an object of study?
    1. 1930s
    2. 1980s
    3. 1990s
    4. 2000s

Chapter 23: Science and Technology

Questions:

1. According to Karl Popper what distinguishes science from pseudo-science?
   1. Science resists attempts at falsification
   2. Science can be undertaken in a laboratory setting
   3. Science aims to falsify its own theories
   4. Science is undertaken by doctors
2. The term technological determinism is the notion that:
   1. Technologies have a causal effect.
   2. Humans shape technologies
   3. Humans have agency in how the engage with technologies
   4. Humans will only be able to advance to a certain extent using technology
3. Langdon Winner’s research on bridges revealed that technologies:

• 1. Were value-free
  2. Could be used to integrate individuals into society
  3. Could be influenced by socio-economic factors
  4. Are not associated with politics

1. Which viewpoint argues that categories of difference such as race and gender are not biologically innate?
   1. Social categorization
   2. Biological essentialism
   3. Social differentiation
   4. Constructivist
2. Safiya Noble’s research on Google’s search engines found that Google’s algorithms:
   1. Reproduced dominant cultural narratives
   2. Resisted dominant cultural narratives
   3. Created novel cultural narratives
   4. Returned search results based on the user’s ethnicity
3. The term program or script describes:

• 1. The methods used for assembling technologies
  2. The lifecycle of technologies
  3. How technologies are inscribed with expectations about their use
  4. How people can use technologies in a number of different ways

1. Which term describes the distinct set of concepts, methods, standards, and theories which make up a specific scientific field:
   1. Scientific paradigms
   2. Scientific scripts
   3. Scientific standards
   4. Scientific concepts

1. Biosociality describes:
   1. Sociality formed though biological knowledge
   2. Sociality formed through familiar bonds
   3. Sociality formed through physical proximity
   4. Sociality formed between biologists
2. Which term describes the process of transforming scientific knowledge into a directly useable figure or visual representation?
   1. The process of inscription
   2. The process of visual illustration
   3. Visual aids
   4. The process of transformation
3. Ruha Benjamin’s research on a beauty contest judged by artificial intelligence revealed that:
   1. The AI had its own preferences
   2. The AI was influenced by its designer’s preferences
   3. The AI produced an unbiased selection of human faces
   4. Beauty was universal

Chapter 24: Migrations

Questions:

1. In 2020 what percentage of the world’s population lived outside of the country they were born?
   1. 2%
   2. 3.5%
   3. 10.5%
   4. 25%
2. What term describes migration that occurs against a persona’s will?

• 1. Forced migration
  2. Coerced migration
  3. Intimidated migration
  4. Threatening migration

1. Migration within a single state is called:
   1. Domestic migration
   2. Inter migration
   3. Regional migration
   4. Internal migration
2. Students who temporarily migrate to a different city for the duration of their studies are called:
   1. City migrants
   2. Temporary/fixed term migrants
   3. Student migrants
   4. Educational migrants
3. Circular migration refers to:
   1. Migrating around the world
   2. Repeatedly moving between two or more places or countries.
   3. Moving back to the country you were born
   4. Constantly migrating to new cities
4. The factors which spur migration and keep it going are called:
   1. Spurring factors
   2. Sustaining factors
   3. Reasons of migration
   4. Drivers of migration
5. The factors that can facilitate or inhibit migration are called:
   1. Restricting drivers
   2. Mediating drivers
   3. Facilitating drivers
   4. Inhibiting factors
6. Countries with a history of residents leaving are called:
   1. Departing countries
   2. Countries of emigration
   3. Countries of leaving
   4. Exit countries
7. Which policy was introduced in 2010 to reduce immigration levels in the UK?
   1. The Immigration Reform Act
   2. Brexit
   3. The hostile environment policy
   4. The immigration control policy
8. Moving from the UK to France to enjoy a slower pace of life is an example of:
   1. Retirement migration
   2. Expatriation
   3. Circular migration
   4. Lifestyle migration

Chapter 25: Social Movements

Questions:

1. Which term is used to describe the connection between protests?
   1. Links
   2. Network
   3. Systems
   4. Grids
2. SMOs stands for:
   1. Socially motivated organizations
   2. Sociological movement operations
   3. Social movement organizations
   4. Socially managed organizations
3. Alberto Melucci argued that most of the time movements are:
   1. Protesting to bring their movements into the public eye
   2. Doing nothing
   3. Engaging in violent acts
   4. focusing on less dramatic and less visible activities
4. Which theorist explores the historical context of social movements?
   1. Charles Tilly
   2. Alberto Melucci
   3. Neil Smelse
   4. Mancur Olso
5. The collective behavior approach understands movements as forming and mobilizing in response to:
   1. Changing morals
   2. Structural strains
   3. Violent acts
   4. Economic incentives
6. Jasper’s notion of moral shock suggests that protests mobilize due to:

• 1. Inequalities
  2. Hardship
  3. Perceived poverty
  4. Affronts to normative and ethical convictions

1. What term does Neil Smelser (2011) use to describe events that make underlying strains concrete?
   1. Prompts
   2. Trigger events
   3. Illuminators
   4. Revealing events
2. Which theory highlights that movements are influenced by their access to resources?
   1. Resource mobilization theory
   2. Economic mobilization theory
   3. Resource access theory
   4. Economic access theory
3. Which argument states that activists are more likely to protest and campaign when they believe they are more likely to succeed?
   1. Political prospect structure
   2. Potential structure
   3. Political opportunity structure
   4. Activist outlook structure
4. Which term describes the periodic phases within a society’s history where movements mobilize in quick succession and levels of protest rise?
   1. Phase cycles
   2. Cycles of contention
   3. Mobilization cycles
   4. Historical unrest

Chapter 26: Sociology as a Science

Questions:

1. Theoretical frameworks that are largely agreed on within the sciences are called:
   1. Theories
   2. Concepts
   3. Paradigms
   4. Archetypes
2. The term Wissenschaft describes:
   1. Ideas on how to think sociology about sociology itself
   2. The systematic search for knowledge
   3. Cultural sciences
   4. Anti-positivist theory
3. Which theorist described a hierarchy of sciences with the most ‘basic’ sciences at the bottom and sociology on top?
   1. Max Weber
   2. Jürgen Habermas
   3. Karl-Otto Apel
   4. Auguste Comte

1. According to Max Weber which of the following are natural sciences?
   1. Sociology
   2. Economics
   3. Physics
   4. All of the above
2. Which perspective argues that sociologists produce genuine knowledge through studying empirical social facts?
   1. Feminism
   2. Realism
   3. Positivist
   4. Critical Realism
3. Which perspective explores how individuals’ make sense of the social reality though language and structures of social interaction?
   1. Phenomenology
   2. Reflexivity
   3. Empiricism
   4. Ethnomethodology
4. Which theorist popularized the notion that scientific knowledge is socially constructed?

• 1. Max Weber
  2. Jürgen Habermas
  3. Karl Marx
  4. Thomas Kuhn

1. A realist perspective understands the social world through exploring:

• 1. Underlying structures which may not be observable
  2. Observable phenomena
  3. How individuals use language
  4. Social facts

1. Which philosophical approach focuses on exploring meanings from an individual’s point of view?
   1. Reflexivity
   2. Positivism
   3. Phenomenology
   4. Scientism
2. Which theorist argues that human intentions should be studied indirectly through their expressions?
   1. Thomas Kuhn
   2. Max Weber
   3. Karl Popper
   4. Karl Marx

Chapter 27: Public Sociology

Questions:

1. Which academic made a high-profile speech calling for more public sociology?
   1. John Holmwood
   2. Charles Tittle
   3. Michael Burawoy
   4. Lambros Fatsis
2. What type of sociology is directed towards other academic sociologists?
   1. Professional sociology
   2. Intellectual sociology
   3. Scholarly sociology
   4. Educational sociology
3. What type of sociology has close connections with projects of social change that aim to bring about a fairer world?
   1. Change sociology
   2. Radical sociology
   3. Critical Sociology
   4. Active sociology
4. What type of sociology provides data and research in support of the production of social policy?
   1. Governmental sociology
   2. Policy sociology
   3. Legislative sociology
   4. Judicial sociology
5. What type of sociology involves taking sociological knowledge into spaces where it can be used to open up and inform debates with non-sociological groups?
   1. Critical sociology
   2. Community sociology
   3. Civic sociology
   4. Public Sociology
6. What term, as defines by Charles Wright Mills, describes sets of things outside of our individual control which shape our social experience?
   1. Public issues
   2. Private issues
   3. Community issues
   4. Societal issues
7. Which academic’s research raised important questions concerning who knowledge is constructed for within their book ‘Decolonizing Methodologies’?
   1. W.E.B. DuBois
   2. Linda Tuhiwai Smith
   3. Joan Acker
   4. Herbert Gans
8. Which academic, regarded as one of the greatest public sociologists of the twentieth century, conducted sociological research which drew public attention to racism within US society?

• 1. W.E.B. DuBois
  2. Linda Tuhiwai Smith
  3. Herbert Gans
  4. Charles Tittle

1. Which sociologist argues that sociologists should use media platforms to engage with the public?
   1. Linda Tuhiwai Smith
   2. Lambros Fatsis
   3. Joan Acker
   4. Herbert Gans
2. Which academic argues that Burawoy’s version of public sociology is dogmatic?
   1. Herbert Gans
   2. John Holmwood
   3. Linda Tuhiwai Smith
   4. Charles Tittle