1st Edition Slyke Full Test Bank

Test Bank

FILLET, Kora

2019

Chapter 1 – Introduction

Test Bank

Most students will probably only need to write papers and give presentations in English and Oral Communication courses.

1. True
2. False

Twenty-first century employers consistently cite communication skills as one of the top qualities they look for when hiring.

1. True
2. False

When perceived as credible, a person is seen to possess both competence and integrity, and so people trust them more.

1. True
2. False

When people trust and have confidence in criminal justice professionals, they are more likely to be cooperative and compliant.

1. True
2. False

Ineffective communications by criminal justice professionals can hurt all but which of the following?

1. His/her job performance
2. The reputation of his/her agency
3. The effectiveness and efficiency of the criminal justice system
4. The colleges that will admit you as a student

Communication skills have nothing to do with the real world.

1. True
2. False

Effective writing leads to a more effective and efficient criminal justice system

1. True
2. False

A(n) ____ communication is powerful, fostering credibility and generating positive outcomes.

1. creative
2. compelling
3. credulous
4. constructive

____ refers to believability.

1. Determination
2. Faith
3. Agency
4. Credibility

Encoding is the process whereby the receiver of a communication interprets the message.

1. True
2. False

____ is the process whereby the sender of a communication figures out how best to transmit the message.

1. Encoding
2. Decoding
3. Induction
4. Deduction

As a communication’s sender, we should strive to…

1. encode the message in such a way as to maximize the likelihood of proper decoding
2. decode the message in such a way as to maximize the likelihood of proper encoding
3. interpret the message critically to detect the receiver’s underlying beliefs and motives
4. phrase the message creatively to deliver a distinctive, personalized communication

Which of the following factors can affect the likelihood that a message will be decoded properly? Select all that apply.

1. the complexity of the message
2. the length of the message
3. the receiver’s willingness to pay attention
4. the sender and receiver’s shared understanding of the words used

The communication process is judged a success by whether the sender efficiently discharges the message.

1. True
2. False

In the communication process, the burden is on the sender.

1. True
2. False

When we have a conflict of interest, we have competing concerns that we must balance.

1. True
2. False

Urgency is about time limitations; it does not refer to the pressure or seriousness of the situation.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not one of the special challenges involved in criminal justice communications?

1. consequential
2. disinterest
3. sensitivity
4. complexity

Saying that a criminal justice communication is ____ means that it has significant potential repercussions.

1. sensitive
2. urgent
3. consequential
4. complex

As a criminal justice professional, a person should expect to experience the special challenges on a daily basis.

1. True
2. False

The special challenges in criminal justice communications are understandable and therefore constitute legitimate reasons for producing inferior communications.

1. True
2. False

____ is the process of finding and using information and sharing meaning (Markel, 2012, p. 4).

1. Introspective dialogue
2. Critical thinking
3. Academic learning
4. Technical communication

Which of the following does not constitute technical communications? Select all that apply.

1. Opinionated communications, such as opinion papers and reflective essays
2. Policy communications, such as policy analyses and policy proposals
3. Intelligence communications, such as briefings on a crime problem or plan of action
4. Dramatic communications, such as poetry and novels

Criminal justice communicators either aim to inform in a nonjudgmental, purely descriptive manner, or they….

1. strive to trick others via selective information sharing
2. seek to persuade via logic and evidence
3. endeavor to motivate compliance via fear and confusion
4. attempt to rile the public via sensationalism and drama

Many criminal justice communications have entertainment purposes.

1. True
2. False

Good criminal justice communications do not try to sway the audience using emotional appeals, such as fear, anger, or pity.

1. True
2. False

Responsiveness refers to a communication that is free from error in terms of both the truth/accuracy of the information itself and the proper presentation of the information.

1. True
2. False

____ refers to consistent exhibiting of certain personal characteristics in addition to technical competence that inspires trust (Wiersma, 2010/2011).

1. Organization
2. Responsiveness
3. Professionalism
4. Morale

____ is the quality of a communication that is thorough, containing all pertinent parts and information.

1. Conceptual
2. Critical
3. Completeness
4. Conciseness

____ concerns the arrangement of information in a manner that will best help the communication achieve its purpose.

1. Organization
2. Clarity
3. Conciseness
4. Correctness

When a communication directly addresses its objective, adheres to all parameters, and is tailored to the audience, it is considered to exhibit ____.

1. organization
2. responsiveness
3. completeness
4. logic

When we talk about ___, we are discussing the reasoning process used to justify claims and reach a conclusion.

1. professionalism
2. evidence
3. correctness
4. logic

____ means using as few simple words as possible to make a point.

1. Abrupt
2. Tact
3. Eloquent
4. Concise

Logical means straightforward, unambiguous, and therefore able to be understood.

1. True
2. False

Evidence is proof, or that which is used to justify a claim.

1. True
2. False

If a communication is responsive, then the reasoning used to reach the conclusion is sound.

1. True
2. False
3. professionalism

The planning stage of developing compelling criminal justice communications starts with determining, and as needed clarifying, the communication’s objective, parameters, and audience(s).

1. True
2. False

Part of planning a group project is deciding how and when the group will communicate, who the leader and secretary/recorder will be, and what the expectations are for the group.

1. True
2. False

One recommendation or group projects to make all decisions orally, whether in person, over the phone, or in a group chat session.

1. True
2. False

An outline is a Refences list that contains a brief summary of the source directly under the source’s bibliographic information.

1. True
2. False

When we finalize a communication, we produce the first full iteration of the communication.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not a reason for drafting before writing the final version of a communication?

1. Drafting eliminates any errors in writing mechanics
2. Drafting pushes us write ethically
3. Drafting helps us get started
4. Drafting paces us and keeps us on schedule

Phase Two, collecting information, begins with deciding what information is needed and where.

1. True
2. False

One recommendation for synthesizing information when working with a group is to make sure each group member sees, agrees to, and has a copy of the outline.

1. True
2. False

____ involves studying and making sense of all the information you’ve collected, and then figuring out how to put all the pieces together to form a coherent whole.

1. Planning
2. Synthesizing information
3. Collecting information
4. Improving and finalizing

If a communication will be delivered orally, then you can skip writing up the communication.

1. True
2. False

Drafting is about getting ideas down quickly—not about writing well.

1. True
2. False

When we work in a group, the improving and finalizing stage of developing compelling criminal justice communications has the added concern of achieving uniformity across the different parts of the communication created by different people.

1. True
2. False

Synthesizing information is the stage that involves critically evaluating your own work and then reworking it in order to make it as good as it can be.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following shows the correct ordering of the six stages for developing compelling criminal justice communications?

1. topic selection, research, writing, printing, binding, submitting
2. topic selection, collecting information, outlining information, writing, printing, submitting
3. planning, topic selection, research, outlining, writing, revising and editing, printing
4. planning, collecting information, synthesizing information, drafting, improving and finalizing, delivering

Drafting can reveal if a paper is too short or too long.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not a recommendation for the delivery of a paper?

1. If a hard copy is required, leave yourself time to troubleshoot printing
2. If a hard copy is required, be prepared to bind (e.g., staple) your paper after printing
3. If a soft copy is required, submit a hard copy as well

If a soft copy is required, be sure to save and submit your document in the required document format (e.g., Word)

Chapter 2 – Principle 1: Professionalism

Test Bank

An expert is a professional: If a person is an expert, then that person is a professional who inspires trust on the basis of attitude and action.

1. True
2. False

Professionals are reliable: They can be counted on to get the job done.

1. True
2. False

____ means consistently exhibiting certain personal characteristics in addition to technical competence and thus inspiring trust (Wiersma, 2010/2011).

1. Steadfast
2. Professionalism
3. Accountability
4. Monotonous

Professionalism is linked to perceived fairness and legitimacy, trust and confidence, and cooperation and compliance with the criminal justice system.

1. True
2. False

Criminal justice officials need to be seen as all but which of the following?

1. competent and knowledgeable
2. serious and genuinely concerned
3. fair and respectful
4. emotional and authoritative

A(n) ____ communication style involves being forthright about your purpose without being antagonistic or evasive.

1. assertive
2. aggressive
3. passive
4. passive-aggressive

Which of the following is not a guideline for developing professional criminal justice communications?

1. Adopt an assertive communication style.
2. Adhere to the strictest standards of integrity and ethics.
3. Act rigid and unapproachable.
4. Maintain an appropriate level of formality.

The following list of characteristics reflects which of the communication styles covered in Chapter 2? Goal-oriented, bossy, poor listener, close-minded, frustrated, and impatient.

1. aggressive
2. assertive
3. passive
4. passive-aggressive

People who adopt a passive communication style have positive effects on others, such as inspiring respect and cooperation.

1. True
2. False

____ relates to moral standards governing decisions and actions.

1. Professionalism
2. Ethics
3. Self-interest
4. Credibility

Integrity is the characteristic of people who hold moral values that are reflected in their words and behaviors.

1. True
2. False

Standard operating procedures are rules for ethical decision making and behavior prescribed by an organization for its members to follow.

1. True
2. False

Where ____ involves fabrications, misrepresentations, and omission of material facts, ____ involves giving or getting unauthorized assistance in the completion of graded work.

1. cheating, lying
2. lying, cheating
3. plagiarism, cheating
4. cheating, plagiarism

Plagiarism is the failure to acknowledge properly the source of information.

1. True
2. False

Plagiarism is an intentional act; there is no such thing as unintentional plagiarism.

1. True
2. False

Unless otherwise indicated using established conventions such as quotation marks and in-text citations, the audience will assume that all ideas and words in a paper are the paper author’s own and have been written for one and only one purpose.

1. True
2. False

If information comes from outside of your own head, you should cite it.

1. True
2. False

Words must be cited when they come directly from a source, but images, sounds, and videos do not need to be cited.

1. True
2. False

Quotation marks are used to indicate the exact words of a source—even if it is just a few words.

1. True
2. False

____ is when someone makes superficial alterations to source text and then claims the ideas and words as his or her own.

1. inappropriate paraphrasing
2. mosaic plagiarism
3. self-plagiarism
4. copyright infringement

____ is when someone makes superficial alterations to source text, gives credit to the source for the ideas, but claims the words as his or her own.

1. inappropriate paraphrasing
2. self-plagiarism
3. copyright infringement
4. mosaic plagiarism

Mosaic plagiarism, inappropriate paraphrasing, and self-plagiarism are unethical writing practices.

1. True
2. False

____ is when someone reuses his or her own work from one course, either in part or in whole, for another course without the express permission of both instructors.

1. copyright infringement
2. mosaic plagiarism
3. inappropriate paraphrasing
4. self-plagiarism

Using notes to complete a closed-book quiz is an example of….

1. cheating
2. lying
3. plagiarism
4. innovating

Citing a source means not only that you truly have read the entire source, but also that it is really the source of the information.

1. True
2. False

People who do not contribute to a group project should not be listed as authors of that project.

1. True
2. False

In a group paper, if there is plagiarism in a section written by one group member, then that one group member—rather than all group members—is guilty of plagiarism.

1. True
2. False

A(n) ____ is a choice between options having moral implications, wherein it may not be immediately clear what the “right” decision is.

1. integrity challenge
2. ethical dilemma
3. code of ethics
4. ethical breach

Which of the following is not one of the approaches to resolving ethical dilemmas presented in Chapter 2?

1. The common good approach
2. The virtue approach
3. The common sense approach
4. The utilitarian approach

One cannot be professional without valuing and possessing integrity and consistently exhibiting ethical behavior.

1. True
2. False

Formal language is appropriate for serious situations, when we do not know our audience, and/or when we have a professional instead of a personal relationship with our audience.

1. True
2. False

In communication, ____ means attitude: your attitude toward the subject and the communication task itself.

1. formality
2. tone
3. diction
4. orientation

Criminal justice communications generally should convey an attitude of passionate unconcern.

1. True
2. False

Having an appropriately format tone involves all but which of the following?

1. Be subjective rather than objective
2. Be logical rather than emotional
3. Be serious rather than humorous
4. Be impersonal rather than intimate

____ refers to word choice.

1. formality
2. tone
3. diction
4. orientation

As developers of criminal justice communications, we want our choice of words to give the impression that we are professionals.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is the most neutral term for someone who is not like most others?

1. freak
2. unusual
3. deviant
4. weird

Which of the following is not a matter of diction presented in Chapter 2?

1. personal words
2. contractions and colloquialisms
3. loaded terms
4. articulation and elocution

Subject indicators refer to personal pronouns such as I, me, you, and we.

1. True
2. False

Unless a specific communication necessitates the use of personal pronouns, we should not use them in criminal justice communications.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following does not belong in criminal justice communications?

1. personal expressions, beliefs, and mottos
2. explicit and precise descriptions
3. evidence and logic
4. transitional words and phrases

Which of the following is a method for avoiding personal words without resorting to passive voice?

1. Omit the subject (you) of the sentence
2. Combine the information from multiple sentences
3. Use the following symbol in place of any personal words: –––
4. Insert “Jane Doe” or “John Deer”

A(n) ____ is when multiple words are joined together with an apostrophe and by abbreviating one of the words, such as “didn’t” for “did not.”

1. colloquialism
2. euphemism
3. preposition
4. contraction

Unless quoting, we should avoid contractions in criminal justice communications.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following statements is true about colloquialisms?

1. They are informal expressions.
2. Most people cannot understand them.
3. They are too informal.
4. They can make us look unprofessional.

A(n) ____ is a word that has a similar dictionary definition as another word but which, instead of being a neutral term, has a positive or negative connotation.

1. synonym
2. antonym
3. key term
4. loaded term

To be compelling, criminal justice communications should use loaded, not neutral, terms.

1. True
2. False

When preparing job application materials, the textbook recommends creating one standard cover letter and one standard resume, because doing so is efficient and effective.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following statements is not true about writing cover letters?

1. Your goal in writing a cover letter is to make the employer believe that you are the best person for the job
2. You should use the cover letter as an opportunity to make a strong, favorable, and memorable first impression
3. You should demonstrate with your writing that you are a professional, effective communicator
4. You should consider the cover letter an opportunity to forge a close personal relationship with the employer

The cover letter should repeat the same material that is in your resume, not introduce new material or provide scattered coverage of the resume.

1. True
2. False

The introduction paragraph in a cover letter should do all but which of the following?

1. Describe how you learned about the job
2. Explain why you need the job
3. State your desire to be considered for the promotion
4. Give a brief overview of the rest of the letter

The education paragraph in a cover letter should summarize the education section in your resume. It should be descriptive rather than making an argument.

1. True
2. False

In your job application materials, the cover letter should provide the big picture and the resume should provide the details.

1. True
2. False

In your resume, include a Statement of Objectives if you are new to the field or don’t have particularly impressive qualifications; otherwise, include a Summary of Qualifications.

1. True
2. False

The most important rule in creating a resume is never to exceed 1 page.

1. True
2. False

Timeline gaps in education and employment warrant justification. If they cannot be avoided, they need to be directly addressed.

1. True
2. False

Be sure to provide complete contact information for at least three professional references in your resume.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is recommended when formatting a resume? Select all that apply.

1. Double space throughout, shrinking the font size and margins to make all material fit onto 1 page.
2. Use parallel structure in bullet lists, starting each bullet with a strong action verb.
3. Be consistent, such as in verb tense and capitalization.
4. Center all text, using ALL CAPS to emphasize certain text.

Which of the following is not a best practice for developing compelling job application materials?

1. Research the job before you apply, and use key words from the job ad in your materials.
2. Be modest, delicately suggesting that you could be the best person for the job. Do not be assertive, claiming that you are the best person for the job.
3. Be honest, but avoid acting desperate.
4. Personalize the cover letter and resume for each job rather than using standard job application materials for multiple jobs.

A(n) ____ is a written assessment, usually done on an annual basis, by supervisors that assesses employees’ performances in meeting job expectations.

1. performance review (or performance evaluation review)
2. employee evaluation
3. performance monitoring (or employee performance monitoring)
4. personnel assessment

Critical feedback is inappropriate in a performance review.

1. True
2. False

Evaluation reviews revolve around goals: what the goals are, how the goals are measured, and how well the employee did in meeting the goals.

1. True
2. False

The ultimate goal of the performance review process is to…

1. Assist with potential wrongful termination lawsuits
2. Facilitate rapport and familiarity between supervisor and supervisee
3. Motivate employees to improve their performance to avoid a negative review the following year
4. Ensure high-quality organizational performance via high-quality individual performance

Goals that are set as part of the performance review process should be both appropriate and realistic.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is a best practice for constructing a compelling performance evaluation review? Select all that apply.

1. Focus on specific, clearly defined goals.
2. Consider positives and negatives.
3. Personalize the conclusion, taking into account feelings and personal experiences.
4. Be explicit, and replace abstract, vague language with more concrete, measurement-oriented language.

Chapter 3 – Principle 2: Responsiveness

Test Bank

____ is a term describing something that directly and thoroughly reflects, or reacts to, the situation at hand.

1. Responsiveness
2. Reactivity
3. Reactionary
4. Resilient

Which of the following is not a guideline for producing responsive communications?

1. Address the objective.
2. Adhere to the parameters.
3. Target the audience.
4. Use theory to guide research.

Delivering a communication that is unresponsive can call into question your competence and motives.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not a benefit of narrower topics?

1. Narrower topics facilitate a clearer and more focused communication.
2. Narrower topics require proficiency with a smaller body of information.
3. Narrower topics provide more options in terms of how to cover the topic.
4. Narrower topics allow for a more manageable research process.

Which of the following is the narrowest topic?

1. Sentences given to convicted offenders
2. Capital punishment for convicted homicide offenders
3. Sentences given to convicted homicide offenders
4. Lethal injection for convicted homicide offenders

Where persuasive communications attempt to influence the audience, informative communications attempt to render the audience (more) knowledgeable about the topic.

1. True
2. False

Informative communications impart information; persuasive communications do not impart information.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not an example of an informative communication? Select all that apply.

1. Crime report
2. Presentence investigation report
3. Jury instructions
4. Closing argument

Which of the following is an example of a persuasive communication topic?

1. Proposal for abolishing zero-tolerance policing
2. History of American policing
3. Description of a police officer’s daily routine
4. Comparison of policing styles

A(n) ____ identifies the specific objective(s) of the communication, telling the readers in a single concise sentence what the communication’s topic and objective are.

1. Coverage statement
2. Thesis statement
3. Mission statement
4. Purpose statement

Purpose statements are best suited to informative communications.

1. True
2. False

A(n) ____ identifies the topic and gives readers a sense of the breadth or depth in which the topic will be covered.

1. Coverage statement
2. Thesis statement
3. Mission statement
4. Purpose statement

Coverage statements can be an effective way to prepare readers for an intentionally focused treatment of an otherwise broad topic.

1. True
2. False

A single communication should contain either a purpose statement, a coverage statement, or a thesis statement; it should not combine these statements.

1. True
2. False

Compared with coverage statements, purpose statements give the audience more detail regarding what the communication is about.

1. True
2. False

A(n) ____ identifies the topic and well as the author’s stance on the topic.

1. Coverage statement
2. Thesis statement
3. Mission statement
4. Purpose statement

Thesis statements are best suited for persuasive communications.

1. True
2. False

In criminal justice communications, the thesis statement should be 2–4 sentences long.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following statements is true regarding the placement of the thesis statement? Select all that apply.

1. If the audience is generally unfamiliar with your topic, then it might be effective to place the thesis statement closer to the beginning of the introduction.
2. If the audience is generally familiar with your topic, then it might be effective to place the thesis statement closer to the beginning of the introduction.
3. If the audience is generally unfamiliar with your topic, then it might be effective to place the thesis statement deeper into the introduction.
4. If the audience is generally familiar with your topic, then it might be effective to place the thesis statement deeper into the introduction.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a thesis statement? Select all that apply.

1. Complete sentence
2. Question form
3. Expression of a position on a topic
4. Impossible to argue against

We achieve our objective by presenting relevant material in an effective organizational structure.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not a common parameter in student criminal justice communications?

1. Modular design
2. Minimum page length
3. Required number of sources
4. APA style

Each type of criminal justice communication has rules that need to be followed. As the creator of the communication, we need to make ourselves aware of the rules, and then we need to follow those rules.

1. True
2. False

Each communication has one target audience.

1. True
2. False

The ____ is the key person or people for whom a communication is intended, who will use the communication to prescribe decision making and/or action.

1. Primary audience
2. Target audience
3. Tertiary audience
4. Secondary audience

The ____ is the person or people who are consumers of the communication, whose decisions and/or actions might be influenced but not be directly dictated by the communication.

1. Primary audience
2. Target audience
3. Tertiary audience
4. Secondary audience

The ____ consists of people or groups who might for some reason be interested in the communication, who tend to be distant from the communication in terms of time and space.

1. Primary audience
2. Target audience
3. Tertiary audience
4. Secondary audience

The communication becomes increasingly relevant as we move from the primary to the secondary and then tertiary audience.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not an important question to ask about our audience listed in Chapter 3?

1. How often have they developed criminal justice communications?
2. What do they need the communication for?
3. What do they expect of the communication?
4. How much do they know about the material?

Which of the following is not a strategy to use when you have a hostile or skeptical audience?

1. Ignore the audience’s objections, thus creating a sense of oneness and uniformity.
2. Learn about and directly address the audience’s objections.
3. Sell the audience on the benefits of compliance.
4. Present your recommendations only after you have addressed objections and presented benefits.

The more your audience knows about or has experience with the topic, the less background, foundation, and context you generally need to provide.

1. True
2. False

Familiarity with a topic creates similar understanding of and views on that topic.

1. True
2. False

____ is/are useful when we have a diverse audience that will be consuming the communication at the same time.

1. Different versions of the single document
2. Modular design for the single document
3. Same version of the single document, with updates and improvements as appropriate
4. Same version of the single document

The ____ is the word or phrase that specifies your purpose in drafting an essay.

1. Essay topic
2. Essay tone
3. Essay overview
4. Essay verb

The ____ is the general subject matter involved in the essay question.

1. Essay topic
2. Essay tone
3. Essay overview
4. Essay verb

Which of the following is not a best practice for producing compelling answers to essay questions?

1. Outline your response before you write.
2. Preface your response with an introductory sentence that explicitly states what your essay is doing.
3. Go above and beyond the bare minimum, incorporating additional information to supplement the material that directly responds to the essay question.
4. Clearly identify each part of your response.

Which of the following essay verbs asks you to say what, when, where, who, and how something is?

1. list
2. illustrate
3. evaluate
4. describe

Which of the following essay verbs asks you to present rationale for something?

1. justify
2. compare
3. identify
4. define

Email is always the best communication method.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is an appropriate formal greeting for an email to a single person?

1. To whom it may concern,
2. Dear Ma’am:
3. Hi Ms. Gray,
4. Dear Ms. Gray:

Which of the following is an appropriate formal closing for an email?

1. Thanks,
2. Best,
3. Yours truly,
4. Have a blessed day,

Which of the following are best practices for workplace (and school) emails? Select all that apply.

1. Include a concise, informative subject line.
2. Start with a greeting and the recipient’s name.
3. Use ALL CAPS to emphasize important words.
4. Avoid sending emails when angry or frustrated.

Chapter 4 – Principle 3: Organization

Test Bank

____ is the process of planning and arranging information in the manner most likely to achieve our objective.

1. Brainstorming
2. Preparation
3. Organization
4. Decoration

Which of the following is not a guideline for developing a well-organized communication?

1. Outline before you write.
2. Employ organizational devices to highlight your structure.
3. Present information in the order you think of it.
4. Have a beginning, a middle, and an end.

We can boost our credibility by exploiting an effective organizational structure, as we will look like experts when we guide our audience through a well-structured communication.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not something an introduction should do?

1. Explain the communicator’s interest in the topic
2. Specify the communication’s goal
3. Engage the audience
4. Describe how the communication will proceed

A “roadmap” tells the audience what the rest of the communication contains and how it is organized.

1. True
2. False

No roadmap should exceed a single sentence.

1. True
2. False

Which part of a communication should be the longest and most detailed?

1. Introduction (the beginning)
2. Conclusion (the end)
3. References
4. Body (the middle)

Which of the following statements is true of a communication’s conclusion? Select all that apply.

1. It should summarize key points.
2. It should repeat the introduction.
3. It should introduce new material.
4. It should answer any questions raised earlier in the communication.

Some of the best outlines include in-text citations and References in addition to specifying the estimated length of each section.

1. True
2. False

Outlines are only useful for long papers or when a professor requires them.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not a benefit of outlines?

1. An outline can be used as an agreement, ensuring that we are heading in the right direction.
2. Outlining forces us to organize our thoughts in a logical and coherent way, exposing errors in thinking and gaps in information.
3. Outlining increases our efficiency, by pushing us to consider the big picture first and details second.
4. Outlining eliminates errors in writing mechanics.

Which of the following is not one of the four general rules for outlining?

1. Focus on the body, excluding the introduction and conclusion.
2. Put your thesis/purpose/coverage statement at the top.
3. Distinguish between major and minor elements.
4. Identify at least two items on each level.

A topic outline combines key words and phrases (for section and subsection headings) with complete sentences to convey specifically what information will be presented and in what order.

1. True
2. False

Sometimes, it makes sense to start with a topic outline and then convert the topic outline into a sentence outline.

1. True
2. False

When converting an outline to a paper draft, the paper’s major (level 1) sections will correspond directly to the outline’s Roman Numerals.

1. True
2. False

Back-to-back section/subheadings generally should be avoided.

1. True
2. False

What is the major flaw in the following outline? Select all that apply.

1. lack of indentation
2. improper/unclear use of Roman Numerals, capital letters, numbers, and so on
3. lack of introduction
4. lack of conclusion
5. lack of thesis statement

What is the major flaw in the following outline? Select all that apply.

1. lack of indentation
2. improper/unclear use of Roman Numerals, capital letters, numbers, and so on
3. lack of introduction
4. lack of conclusion
5. lack of thesis statement

What is the major flaw in the following outline? Select all that apply.

1. lack of indentation
2. improper/unclear use of Roman Numerals, capital letters, numbers, and so on
3. lack of introduction
4. lack of conclusion
5. lack of thesis statement

What is the major flaw in the following outline? Select all that apply.

1. lack of indentation
2. improper/unclear use of Roman Numerals, capital letters, numbers, and so on
3. lack of introduction
4. lack of conclusion
5. lack of thesis statement

What is the major flaw in the following outline? Select all that apply.

1. lack of indentation
2. improper/unclear use of Roman Numerals, capital letters, numbers, and so on
3. lack of introduction
4. lack of conclusion
5. lack of thesis statement

You will always have a choice about how to structure a communication.

1. True
2. False

In choosing how to organize a communication, the primary determinant should be your comfort level with the various organizational structures.

1. True
2. False

When we arrange information from the earliest to the most recent, we are using which organizational structure?

1. sequential
2. classification
3. specific to general
4. chronological

When we arrange information according to similarities and differences, we are using which organizational structure?

1. advantages–disadvantages
2. compare-and-contrast
3. partition
4. effect and cause

When we arrange information such that we describe a problem, then explain the problem, and then propose a logical solution to the problem, we are using which organizational structure?

1. problem–process–solution
2. advantages–disadvantages
3. problem–cause–solution
4. cause and effect

It is possible to use more than one organizational structure in the same communication.

1. True
2. False

A(n) ____ is a signal to the audience about how some information fits into, or advances, the overall communication.

1. organizational structure
2. organizational device
3. order indicator
4. role indicator

Which of the following is not an effective organizational device in written communications?

1. transitions
2. headings and subheadings
3. “roadmap” paragraphs
4. punctuation marks

How we format a list should be determined by avoiding monotony in list formats throughout the document.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not a factor influencing the decision of whether to build a horizontal or vertical list?

1. Page position
2. Complexity
3. Length
4. Importance

It can be difficult to follow a lengthy list when it is in the text (i.e., horizontally formatted), especially when the listed items themselves are long.

1. True
2. False

Horizontal formatting draws attention to the list.

1. True
2. False

Vertical listing can make complex information easier to follow.

1. True
2. False

When making a list, if the number of items is important and/or there is an order to the items, then a numbered list is appropriate.

1. True
2. False

If a list is preceded by the word “includes,” then we should assume the list is a complete rather than partial list.

1. True
2. False

Improper or inconsistent comma use might be viewed as sloppy but will not make it difficult for the reader to determine when the list moves from one to the next item.

1. True
2. False

A(n) ____ connects ideas.

1. in-text citation
2. verb
3. noun
4. transition

To be effective, transitions should be…. Select all that apply.

1. Used sometimes but not always, otherwise the paper comes across as too tedious.
2. Informative, being as clear and specific as possible about what the information is and how it relates to the rest of the information in the document.
3. Consistent with the paper’s message and organizational structure.
4. Use consistently throughout the paper.

In general, use some form of transition at the beginning of each section and each paragraph.

1. True
2. False

Transitions are most effective when they appear in the middle or at the end of sentences.

1. True
2. False

Transitions such as “alternatively,” “however,” and “whereas” are effective for….

1. indicating frequency
2. listing complementary points
3. distinguishing ideas
4. summarizing a point

Transitions such as “because,” “therefore,” and “consequently” are effective for….

1. showing a causal effect
2. illustrating a point
3. qualifying a point
4. indicating spatial relationships

Which of the following sets of transitions is not appropriate for indicating temporal/chronological order?

1. after, before, currently
2. close by, further away, nearby
3. earlier, recently, subsequently
4. now, later, soon

Which of the following sets of transitions is appropriate for continuing a point or connecting similar ideas? Select all that apply.

1. additionally, furthermore, moreover
2. similarly, likewise, in a like manner
3. overall, in brief, to conclude
4. at any rate, that said, this is not to say

A(n) ____ is when two or more transitional terms are combined to create a single transitional phrase.

1. compound transition
2. redundant transition
3. layered transition
4. complex transition

____ is when two or more transitional structures are used in a single communication to distinguish between lines or thought or major versus minor elements.

1. Compound transitioning
2. Redundant transitioning
3. Layered transitioning
4. Complex transitioning

Which of the following is/are true regarding organizational devices in (oral) presentations? Select all that apply.

1. Organizational devices should appear directly in PowerPoint slides.
2. Audience members have less ability to reorient themselves if they get lost in a presentation.
3. Organizational devices are at least as important in presentations as in papers.
4. Organizational devices in presentations are too important to be oral; they must be written down, too.

Some elements in a communication are more important than others, with the most important items being the major elements.

1. True
2. False

We need to organize communications in such a way that equal attention is drawn to the major and minor elements.

1. True
2. False

Each paragraph should present and develop at least three distinct but related ideas.

1. True
2. False

In general, each paragraph should start with a transition and contain a topic sentence.

1. True
2. False

A(n) ____ is a clear statement of what the paragraph is about.

1. topic sentence
2. transition
3. organizational device
4. conceptual framework

Generally speaking, the most important material should be placed in the middle of the paragraph.

1. True
2. False

Within a single communication, paragraphs should be of roughly equivalent length.

1. True
2. False

Each sentence should express part of a single thought.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following statements is/are not true about sentence length? Select all that apply.

1. We should vary sentence length within a communication.
2. The most important information belongs in the middle of a sentence.
3. Commas, parentheses, and em dashes are methods for setting off material from the rest of a sentence.
4. Express more complicated thoughts using longer sentences than simpler thoughts.

In which of the following situations is it effective to place a paragraph’s main idea at the end of the paragraph? Select all that apply.

1. Dramatic material
2. Complicated material
3. Controversial material
4. Time-sensitive material

Where major elements should be set off with commas or enclosed in parentheses, minor elements should be set off with an em dash.

1. True
2. False

According to Chapter 4, a(n) ____ addresses a controversial topic and argues for a particular position on that topic.

1. position paper
2. opinion piece
3. case brief
4. persuasive paper

A controversial issue is an issue that has more than one side to it.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not an example of a controversial issue? Select all that apply.

1. Cameras in courtrooms: Should cameras be in the courtroom during criminal trials?
2. Prisons and deterrence: What is the history of using prisons to deter crime?
3. Marijuana legalization: Which states have legalized marijuana?
4. Video games and crime: Do video games contribute to violent crime?

The main job of a persuasive paper is to inform the audience about the issue.

1. True
2. False

When deciding which side to take on a controversial issue, Chapter 4 recommends picking the side you feel the most strongly about.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following lists the parts of a persuasive paper in the recommended order?

1. introduction, background, your most strong point, your moderately strong point, your least strong point, conclusion
2. introduction, background, side 1 (your side), side 2, conclusion
3. introduction, background, side 2, side 1 (your side), conclusion
4. introduction, opposing argument, your least strong point, your moderately strong point, your most strong point, conclusion

According to the ____ effect, audiences are strongly affected by material presented first.

1. volume
2. recency
3. sensitivity
4. primacy

According to the ____ effect, audiences are strongly affected by material presented last.

1. volume
2. recency
3. sensitivity
4. primacy

According to the ____ effect, audiences are strongly affected by material presented the most.

1. volume
2. recency
3. sensitivity
4. primacy

The essence of a persuasive paper is to give reasons why your position is the most logical and evidence-based position on a controversial issue.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not a best practice for developing compelling persuasive papers?

1. Identify and critically evaluate the evidence for and against your stance.
2. Make your stance clear as soon as possible.
3. Present your own argument before the opposing argument.
4. Maintain a professional, educated tone and writing style.

A(n) ____ is a communication “designed to obtain a decision, to exchange information, or to review important details” (GlobalSecurity.org, n.d., Appendix B).

1. white paper
2. mission statement
3. action plan
4. intelligence briefing

Which of the following is the key organizational rule for intelligence briefings?

1. Present the bottom line up front
2. Proceed from context to conclusion
3. Details, details, details!
4. Lay out but do not recommend specific courses of action

Which of the following is not a section in intelligence briefings?

1. substantiation
2. key judgments
3. biography
4. context

The ____ section in an intelligence briefing provides the evidence basis for the claims presented earlier in the briefing.

1. substantiation
2. key judgments
3. biography
4. context

Which of the following is not recommended when constructing an intelligence briefing?

1. Bold key points when they are the first sentence of a paragraph.
2. Use graphics and test boxes to reinforce key points.
3. Place the details directly in the body of the text.
4. Present general information before specific information.

Which of the following is not a best practice for developing compelling intelligence briefings?

1. Present the main conclusions first.
2. Substantiate each Key Judgement.
3. Be clear and concise.
4. Equivocate frequently.

Chapter 5 – Principle 4: Logic

Test Bank

____ is the reasoning process used to justify claims and reach conclusions.

1. Introspection
2. Reflection
3. Logic
4. Creativity

Which of the following is not a guideline for developing and facilitating logical criminal justice communications?

1. Advance defensible claims.
2. Avoid logical fallacies.
3. Abandon logic when it is clear that the topic is emotional.
4. Be a habitual critical thinker.
5. Be informed.

____ involves conscious reflection, wherein we base beliefs on a fair and logical assessment of available information.

1. analytics
2. argumentation
3. deliberation
4. critical thinking

Which of the following is not part of being a habitual critical thinker?

1. faith
2. open-mindedness and objectivity
3. self-awareness
4. skepticism

Criminal justice professionals should be objective, rational, and professional enough to maintain their way of thinking and acting when they encounter logic and evidence. They should not change their minds just because they learn something new.

1. True
2. False

____ refers to having the substantive knowledge and the technical skills necessary to do well that which needs to be done.

1. intelligence
2. competence
3. integrity
4. experience

A(n) ____ is the fusion of claims, evidence, and inferences.

1. quarrel
2. argument
3. paper
4. theory

A(n) ____ is an arguable assertion.

1. argument
2. claim
3. inference
4. evidence

A(n) ____ is a claim upon which another claim is based.

1. premise
2. conclusion
3. assumption
4. declaration

A(n) ____ is a claim that follows from premises and/or evidence.

1. premise
2. conclusion
3. assumption
4. declaration

____ serves as proof of something—as justification for claims.

1. claim
2. reason
3. argument
4. evidence

____ is the logical connection between the different pieces of the argument.

1. declaration
2. claim
3. inference
4. evidence

Where ____ logic involves reasoning from general principles to a more specific conclusion, ____ logic involves reasoning from specific observations to a more general conclusion.

1. deductive, inductive
2. inductive, deductive
3. micro, macro
4. macro, micro

Deductive reasoning is valid when the premises are true and the conclusion is guaranteed by the premise(s).

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not a question we can ask to determine if deductive reasoning is valid?

1. Are there zero exceptions to the conclusion?
2. Are we sufficiently convinced of the conclusion?
3. Is the conclusion fully accountable by the premises?
4. Is the conclusion compatible with the premises?

An unsound deductive argument is not strong, but it is not entirely worthless either.

1. True
2. False

When we reach conclusions based on evidence, we are using inductive logic.

1. True
2. False

We can be 100% certain of the conclusion in a deductive argument, but we cannot be 100% certain of the conclusion in an inductive argument.

1. True
2. False

Inductive reasoning is strong when the evidence renders the conclusion certain.

1. True
2. False

All but which of the following questions are tests we can use to assess the strength of inductive reasoning?

1. Are we sufficiently convinced of the conclusion, given the evidence?
2. Is this conclusion more plausible than alternative conclusions based on the same evidence?
3. Are there zero exceptions to the conclusions?
4. Is the conclusion compatible with the evidence?

Some arguments have other arguments within them. Such arguments within arguments are called interior arguments, while the argument containing the interior arguments is called the ultimate argument.

1. True
2. False

An argument may contain any number of resolutions.

1. True
2. False

A(n) ____ is an error in reasoning.

1. lapse in judgment
2. logical fallacy
3. blunder
4. fallacious inquiry

A(n) ____ is a type of logical fallacy wherein two logically incompatible beliefs are regarded as true.

1. double standard
2. logical paradox
3. red herring
4. straw man

Which of the following is not a category of logical fallacies presented in Chapter 5?

1. fallacies of inconsistency
2. fallacies of irrelevance
3. fallacies of vacuity
4. fallacies of clarity

Arguing that something must be true (e.g., prisons reduce crime) because we’ve known or been doing it for a long time reflects which logical fallacy?

1. appeal to tradition
2. argument from personal incredulity
3. circular reasoning
4. false cause

Treating an issue as though there are only two possibilities when there really are more than two possibilities reflects which logical fallacy?

1. faulty analogy
2. appeal to force
3. red herring
4. false dilemma

Attacking the advocate of an argument rather than the substance of the argument reflects which logical fallacy?

1. hasty generalization
2. straw man
3. personal attack
4. argument from personal incredulity

Arguing that, because one position taken in an argument is untenable, an opposing position must be true.

1. bandwagon approach
2. appeal to force
3. argument from the negative
4. appeal to a lack of evidence

Arguing that, because it makes no sense to you, the argument cannot be true.

1. appeal to a lack of evidence
2. argument from personal incredulity
3. irrelevant conclusion
4. stacking the deck

“Tom and Rick got in a fight at the pool earlier in the day, so it had to have been Rick who killed Tom last night.” Which logical fallacy best describes this faulty reasoning?

1. appeal to force
2. false cause: post hoc ergo propter hoc
3. begging the question
4. appeal to a lack of evidence

“The jury found him not guilty. But they’re just a bunch of idiots. You know they screwed up when that man is so obviously guilty.” Which logical fallacy best describes this faulty reasoning?

1. personal attack
2. appeal to tradition
3. bandwagon approach
4. hasty generalization

“I just don’t see how the abolition of monetary bail would work. It’s obviously going to fail.” Which logical fallacy best describes this faulty reasoning?

1. hypothesis contrary to fact
2. stacking the deck
3. argument from personal incredulity
4. appeal to improper authority

“You’re asking me if I’ve heard anything about who might be breaking into all those cars in the neighborhood? I hear a lot, and one thing I can tell you is that people are mad as hell about that new stop sign.” Which logical fallacy best describes this faulty reasoning?

1. false dilemma
2. faulty analogy
3. red herring
4. appeal to a lack of evidence

Which of the following lines of reasoning reflects the logical fallacy of appeal to improper authority?

1. I know there is less crime in gated communities, because my criminology professor talked about this in class.
2. I know there is less crime in gated communities, because I read about the crime rate in my criminal justice textbook.
3. I know there is less crime in gated communities, because a TV commercial said so.
4. I know there is less crime in gated communities, because I read an article that reached that conclusion based on an analysis of UCR and NCVS data.

Which of the following lines of reasoning reflects the logical fallacy of faulty analogy?

1. Neighborhoods with more graffiti also have more thefts and assaults than neighborhoods with less graffiti.
2. Graffiti is like a red sky in the morning: It is a sign of bad things to come.
3. Police officers have a lot in common with guardian angels; for example, they both protect us from bad things.
4. This city is like no other city I’ve ever seen. It is impossible to find your destination.

Which of the following should we do when we diagram an argument? Select all that apply.

1. Modify the conclusion.
2. Identify the premise(s).
3. Identify the evidence.
4. Determine how the premise(s) lead(s) to the conclusion.

When diagramming an argument, each piece of evidence should have its own inference arrow leading to a claim for which it is offered as proof.

1. True
2. False

When diagramming arguments, the text recommends color coding to distinguish between different lines of reasoning leading to the conclusion.

1. True
2. False

After we create our argument diagram, we should correct it by…. Select all that apply.

1. Adding anything relevant but absent.
2. Cross through anything irrelevant but present.
3. Cross through any irrelevant but absent.
4. Add anything relevant but present.

A(n) ____ is a belief taken to be true that can influence an argument but for which no evidence may be offered.

1. assumption
2. premise
3. resolution
4. claim

Which of the following is a rule of argumentation?

1. Evidence and premises can be challenged, but conclusions and inferences cannot be challenged.
2. We should never concede a point.
3. Once challenged, inferences, premises, and evidence require concession or justification.
4. We must accept premises as true.

Which of the following is not true regarding how we state our conclusions?

1. We should not phrase certain conclusions as though they are uncertain.
2. We should not phrase uncertain conclusions as though they are certain.
3. We should word a probable conclusion in a way that implies a stronger basis than we have.
4. We should word a definite conclusion in a way that allows us to avoid committing.

Where policies set expectations and standards for behavior, practices are ways of implementing a policy.

1. True
2. False

A(n) ____ is an applied research product that examines the effectiveness of some policy in achieving its stated goal(s), while a(n) ____ is an applied research product that assesses some phenomenon and proposes a plan for addressing it.

1. evaluation, recommendation
2. recommendation, evaluation
3. policy analysis, policy proposal
4. policy proposal, policy analysis

In a policy analysis, the premises are a series of reasons supporting the conclusion of effectiveness (or ineffectiveness) of the policy being analyzed.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not one of the “5WH” questions to use in policy papers?

1. When?
2. Who?
3. Where?
4. Why not?

Which of the following accurately reflects the main sections and their order in a policy analysis?

1. introduction, policy context, policy description, policy evaluation, discussion
2. introduction, theory, research, methods, evaluation, discussion
3. introduction, policy description, policy evaluation, policy proposal, discussion
4. introduction, research, theory, methods, evaluation, discussion

With a policy proposal, the conclusion is the claim that the policy being analyzed has been effective (or not) in achieving its intended outcomes.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not in Chapter 5’s list of items that can be used to compare and contrast crime-control policies?

1. effect size
2. cost
3. affected population
4. stakeholder satisfaction

Which of the following accurately reflects the main sections and their order in a policy proposal?

1. introduction, crime problem, crime policy, discussion
2. introduction, crime policy, crime problem, discussion
3. introduction, description of the crime problem, explanation of the crime problem, comparison of policy options, policy recommendation, discussion
4. introduction, policy recommendation, comparison of policy options, explanation of the crime problem, description of the crime problem, discussion

Which of the following is not a best practice for developing compelling policy analyses and proposals?

1. Articulate the nexus between crime problem and crime policy.
2. Expect complete crime eradication.
3. Identify objective criteria to guide the analysis.
4. Consider unintended consequences.

A(n) ____ is a written report of an investigation into a defendant’s life, which is written by a probation officer to assist a judge.

1. presentence investigation report
2. arrest report
3. perp bio
4. preliminary biographical report

The conclusion in a presentence investigation report is the probation officer’s assessment of guilty or not-guilty.

1. True
2. False

A weak presentence investigation report recommends a sentence that is not logically connected to the evidence and/or the probation officer’s assessment of that evidence.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not one of the areas in which the probation officer should use evidence to make an assessment?

1. the offense
2. the victim
3. the community
4. the defendant

Which of the following are questions to answer in the offense portion of a presentence investigation report? Select all that apply.

1. Is it situational in nature or indicative of persistent problems?
2. Was the offense against person or property?
3. Does the defendant acknowledge responsibility for the offense?
4. What was the motive for the offense?

All but which are questions to answer in the community portion of a presentence investigation report?

1. Does the defendant pose a direct threat to the safety and welfare of others?
2. What community resources are available?
3. Would a disposition other than incarceration tend to depreciate the seriousness of the crime?
4. Is the defendant employable?

Which of the following is not a best practice for developing compelling presentence investigation reports?

1. Clearly distinguish between information that is factual, inferred, and alleged.
2. Distinguish between verified and unverified information.
3. Address discrepancies in information.
4. Objectively list the evidence; do not interpret it.

Chapter 6 – Principle 5: Evidence

Test Bank

Scientific evidence has increasingly been entering courtrooms.

1. True
2. False

The evidence-based crime policy movement demands rigorous and replicated empirical evidence of effectiveness.

1. True
2. False

As long as people have good intentions, crime policies will be effective.

1. True
2. False

As criminal justice professionals, we must trust that evidence is reliable.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not a guideline for producing evidence-based communications?

1. Evaluate evidence before using it.
2. Let evidence speak for itself.
3. Identify where evidence is needed.
4. Determine what evidence is needed.

____ is proof; it is that which justifies a claim.

1. Logic
2. Speculation
3. Evidence
4. Faith

We should provide evidence whenever we make an arguable assertion.

1. True
2. False

The evidence we present reflects on us: We look good when we use strong sources, but we look bad when we use weak sources.

1. True
2. False

A claim of ____ asserts that a condition has (or has not) existed, exists (or does not exist), or will (or will not) exist.

1. opinion
2. value
3. policy
4. fact

A claim of ____ argues that one condition is better than another (or other) conditions.

1. opinion
2. value
3. policy
4. fact

A claim of ____ asserts that some condition should (or should not) exist.

1. opinion
2. value
3. policy
4. fact

Claims of value also involve claims of fact, while claims of policy also involve claims of value and of fact.

1. True
2. False

Claims of policy are the simplest to resolve.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not a subtype of fact claim identified in Chapter 6?

1. causation
2. definition
3. vocation
4. classification

To argue a claim of value, we have to start by….

1. identifying criteria.
2. determining our own views.
3. collecting evidence.
4. evaluating evidence.

To argue a claim of policy requires that we provide evidence of the effectiveness of the recommended action, preferably presenting a cost–benefit analysis.

1. True
2. False

To prove a claim of value or policy, we first have to identify objective criteria upon which to base judgment.

1. True
2. False

A(n) ____ is the origin of some information.

1. foundation
2. source
3. perception
4. introspection

____ refers to proof that originates outside of the communication offering it as substantiation of some claim.

1. Criminal evidence
2. Legal evidence
3. Source evidence
4. Foundational evidence

Where a(n) ____ source is the original source of some piece of information, a(n) ____ source is not the original source of some piece of information.

1. initial, subsequent
2. subsequent, initial
3. secondary, primary
4. primary, secondary

Primary sources are more vulnerable to error than are primary sources.

1. True
2. False

All else equal, primary sources are superior to secondary sources.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is advised when using a secondary source? Select all that apply.

1. Avoid mischaracterizing a secondary source as a primary source.
2. Phrase your conclusions with more confidence than if you had been using a primary source.
3. Have a legitimate reason for using a secondary source.
4. Do not use secondary sources that are translations (i.e., in a different language than the primary source.

A secondary source is a firsthand account.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not an example of a primary source?

1. encyclopedia reports
2. historical documents
3. empirical research reports
4. court testimony transcripts

____ is a purposeful, systematic investigation designed to increase knowledge.

1. Human inquiry
2. Research
3. Reflection
4. Inspection

Too many citations weaken a paper and increase the potential for plagiarism.

1. True
2. False

Whereas ____ research is based on information that already exists, ____ is based on unique observations of the real world.

1. direct, indirect
2. indirect, direct
3. nonempirical, empirical
4. empirical, nonempirical

Nonempirical research can be primary or secondary research.

1. True
2. False

All else equal, empirical research is superior to nonempirical research.

1. True
2. False

We should use language that distinguishes between empirical and nonempirical research sources.

1. True
2. False

Nonempirical research is based on existing information, while empirical research is based on original observations of the real world.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not an example of empirical research?

1. reports of experimental results
2. findings from surveys
3. focus group interviews
4. literature reviews

All else equal, popular and sensational sources are superior to professional and substantive sources.

1. True
2. False

____ is the process whereby subject-matter and/or methodological experts in the field review a paper for strengths and weaknesses, screening out flawed studies so that only the strongest studies are published.

1. publication
2. manuscript submission
3. prepublication
4. peer review

Which of the following is not a characteristic of professional sources?

1. References are always included.
2. The authors are academics, scientists, and experts.
3. Their purpose is to entertain.
4. The articles have been peer-reviewed by other scholars in the field.

Which of the following are characteristics of popular or sensational sources? Check all that apply.

1. Their purpose is to entertain and/or inform.
2. The audience is the general reader and/or the less well-educated.
3. Sources are rarely if ever cited.
4. The articles have been peer-reviewed by other scholars.

____ is proof of or relating to law-breaking behavior.

1. criminal evidence
2. criminal trial
3. crime
4. deviance

____ is tangible and can be observed in the courtroom using the five senses.

1. real evidence
2. demonstrative evidence
3. testimonial evidence
4. documentary evidence

____ is a substitute for real evidence—some representation of real evidence.

1. real evidence
2. demonstrative evidence
3. testimonial evidence
4. documentary evidence

Weapons, drugs, and bloodstains are examples of ____ evidence.

1. documentary
2. demonstrative
3. real
4. testimonial

Photographs, simulations, and reenactments are examples of ____ evidence.

1. documentary
2. demonstrative
3. real
4. testimonial

____ evidence is what people say.

1. real evidence
2. demonstrative evidence
3. testimonial evidence
4. documentary evidence

____ evidence is what people have written.

1. real evidence
2. demonstrative evidence
3. testimonial evidence
4. documentary evidence

Demonstrative, testimonial, and documentary evidence are considered primary evidence, while real evidence is considered secondary evidence.

1. True
2. False

Primary evidence is considered less vulnerable to error than secondary evidence.

1. True
2. False

____ witnesses have some scientific, technical, or specialized knowledge pertaining to the case, while ____ witnesses have some personal knowledge relevant to the case.

1. material, immaterial
2. substantive, immaterial
3. lay, expert
4. expert, lay

Primary documents are to be used instead of secondary documents unless there is a legitimate reason for using secondary or duplicate documents.

1. True
2. False

____ evidence substantiates some fact by itself with near certainty, while ____ evidence substantiates some fact indirectly.

1. real, demonstrative
2. direct, circumstantial
3. demonstrative, real
4. circumstantial, direct

Direct evidence is considered superior to circumstantial evidence.

1. True
2. False

Most criminal evidence is direct evidence.

1. True
2. False

Circumstantial evidence is more convincing than direct evidence.

1. True
2. False

In the criminal justice system, a(n) ____ is a conclusion reached on the basis of established or accepted facts.

1. presumption
2. proposition
3. judicial notice
4. case fact

In the criminal justice system, a(n) ____ is a conclusion reached on some basis other than the formal evidentiary process.

1. presumption
2. proposition
3. judicial notice
4. case fact

If a fact is judicially noted, then it is contested by the other side.

1. True
2. False

Where a presumption is a substitute for evidence, judicial notice is a shortcut for evidence.

1. True
2. False

The notion that defendants are innocent until proven guilty is an example of a judicially noticed fact.

1. True
2. False

Strong evidence is relevant and credible.

1. True
2. False

The two dimensions of evidence evaluation are evaluating a single piece of evidence and evaluating the total evidence.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not one of the tests for determining whether a single piece of evidence can or should be used, as presented in Chapter 6?

1. value versus risk
2. relativity
3. ethical acquisition
4. materiality

In the criminal justice system, habeas corpus guards against the use of evidence that has been illegally obtained.

1. True
2. False

____ refers to a piece of evidence’s usefulness in proving the truth or falsity of the claim for which it is offered as proof.

1. positive valence
2. inverse application
3. appositive virtue
4. probative value

If a piece of evidence is relevant and material, then that piece of evidence necessarily has high probative value.

1. True
2. False

The best evidence rule values primary sources over secondary and duplicate sources.

1. True
2. False

The weaknesses of one piece of evidence can be overcome by strengths of other evidence.

1. True
2. False

____ refers to all available relevant evidence.

1. Population statistics
2. Burden of proof
3. Total evidence
4. Standard of proof

____ means the obligation to provide evidence to prove what is being asserted.

1. Witness subpoena
2. Burden of proof
3. Standard of proof
4. Good citizen imperative

If no evidence was presented, the court would rule in favor of the defendant, because the prosecution would have failed to meet its burden of proof.

1. True
2. False

____ is the level of probability necessary to conclude that enough evidence has been presented to prove a claim.

1. Motion to suppress
2. Burden of proof
3. Standard of proof
4. Credulity calculus

In our legal system, as the risk of making the wrong decision increase (esp. wrongful conviction), the standard of proof increases.

1. True
2. False

Evidence leads directly to a claim, which is why we should let evidence speak for itself rather than describing how it supports the claim.

1. True
2. False

The legal proof standard of “clear and convincing evidence” means that the evidence must be sufficient to remove any reasonable doubt as to the truth of the claim.

1. True
2. False

The legal proof standard of “preponderance of the evidence” means that the evidence must make it more likely that the claim is true than that the claim is not true.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not a strategy for explaining evidence?

1. Introduce each piece of evidence.
2. Omit from your explanation any evidence limitations or contradictory evidence.
3. Summarize the total evidence and how it satisfactorily proves each claim.
4. Link each piece of evidence to the claim for which it is offered as proof.

A(n) ____ is a formal document that communicates the results of the author’s purposeful, systematic investigation of a topic.

1. term paper
2. discussion post
3. reflective essay
4. research paper

Research papers can be informative or persuasive.

1. True
2. False

Informative papers do not present arguments, and hence they do not contain claims of fact.

1. True
2. False

An informative paper begins with a thesis statement.

1. True
2. False

The more controversial the issue, the more and the stronger evidence you may need to succeed in convincing your audience.

1. True
2. False

It is poor practice to cite, or, worse, quote, a standard dictionary in a research paper.

1. True
2. False

Standard dictionaries tell us how words should be used—not how words are used.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is an approach to take in situations wherein you are unable to find evidence to support a claim? Select all that apply.

1. Ignore the lack of fit between evidence and claim, hoping your audience will not notice it.
2. Reconsider the claim, asking if the claim must be proven to establish the conclusion.
3. Reword the claim, making sure it is not too strong given the available supporting evidence.
4. Use language that hides the lack of fit, tricking the audience into believing the evidence is solid.

Which of the following is not a best practice for developing compelling research papers? Select all that apply.

1. Outline your paper before you draft/write it.
2. Ensure that each fact claim is supported by evidence.
3. Conduct thorough research to select a suitable topic.
4. Conduct preliminary research to learn about your topic and collect sources.

A(n) ____ is a written statement of facts made under oath.

1. affidavit
2. perjury
3. hearsay
4. transcript

A(n) ____ is submitted from a police officer to a judge, requesting a search warrant.

1. search plea
2. search warrant affidavit
3. incidental liability form
4. arrest warrant

Which of the following is not one of the four key components in a proper search warrant affidavit?

1. a fee, usually around $55
2. the location to be searched
3. sufficient evidence to establish probable cause
4. the item to be seized, in detail

The standard of proof used to justify the issuance of a search warrant is….

1. probable cause
2. beyond a reasonable doubt
3. preponderance of the evidence
4. clear and convincing

For which of the following reasons are search warrant affidavits important? Select all that apply.

1. It must convince the grand jury to admit the seized evidence.
2. It must convince the suspect that the search is justified.
3. It must convince the judge to issue the requested search.
4. It must be able to withstand later scrutiny by others.

Police officers’ observations and information from third parties are examples of acceptable forms of evidence for demonstrating probable cause in a search warrant affidavit.

1. True
2. False

A search warrant affidavit must articulate facts, which are based on evidence, that support the police officer’s belief that a crime will be in progress at the time of the requested search.

1. True
2. False

Police officers are often called into court to account for the information provided in their search warrant affidavits.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following are best practices for developing compelling search warrant affidavits? Select all that apply.

1. Specify each item to be seized, and link that item to both criminal activity and to the search time and location.
2. Establish the credibility of the sources.
3. Provide a bail recommendation (i.e., pretrial detention, bail release [with amount], release on recognizance).
4. Be honest and open.

Chapter 7 – Principle 6: Completeness

Test Bank

A complete communication is thorough, containing all pertinent parts and information.

1. True
2. False

____ means relevant and important.

1. Exact
2. Specific
3. Pertinent
4. Didactic

Which of the following is a problem created by incomplete communications? Select all that apply.

1. It can imply that the person who created it is ignorance and/or careless.
2. It might have to be re-done until it is complete.
3. It can be difficult or impossible to follow.
4. It can be claimed to be the work of anyone—you won’t necessarily get credit for your work.

Which of the following is not a guideline for developing a complete communication presented in Chapter 7? Select all that apply.

1. Include all pertinent information.
2. Define all terms used in the communication.
3. Address any coverage constraints.
4. Be specific and direct.

Credible people are thorough.

1. True
2. False

The terms “complete” and “long” can be used interchangeably, meaning that to be complete is to be long.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not a tip for ensuring that you include all pertinent information?

1. Do your research.
2. Present both sides of issues.
3. Cite all sources.
4. Define every term.

One way to be sure you include all pertinent information is to present balanced coverage of items, such as positive and negative information for both items being compared rather than just positive information for one item and negative information for the other item.

1. True
2. False

It is impossible for there to be too much information about a topic.

1. True
2. False

Where ____ refers to the level of detail and specificity, ____ refers to the range or extent of the topic.

1. depth, breadth
2. breadth, depth
3. macro, micro
4. micro, macro

In general, the broader your treatment of a topic, the less depth you can achieve.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following situations illustrates the problem of too little information? Select all that apply.

1. You cannot find any information on a topic.
2. The information on a topic is flawed.
3. The information is a close-but-not-perfect fit with the topic.
4. There is too much information to cover in a single communication.

Most research has one or more flaws.

1. True
2. False

Although it can be tempting to gloss over or side-step gaps and flaws in information, as professionals we need to address information deficits directly and transparently.

1. True
2. False

A(n) ____ is a formal account of an experiment or some other procedure used to obtain results.

1. debriefing
2. indictment
3. information
4. lab report

An effective lab report prevents replication.

1. True
2. False

____ is when documented steps can be followed to achieve the same results.

1. Plagiarism
2. Mimicry
3. Replication
4. Explanation

To permit replication, a lab report must be…. Select all that apply.

1. correct
2. complete
3. precise
4. witty

Which of the following is not a section in a lab report, as presented in Chapter 7?

1. Objectives
2. Steps Taken
3. Relevant Findings
4. Theoretical Framework

Which of the following is not a best practice for developing compelling lab reports?

1. Use established procedures.
2. Use innovative procedures.
3. Interpret your results.
4. Be comprehensive yet concise.

A(n) ____ is a document describing a crime scene in detail.

1. search location report
2. arrest warrant
3. search warrant
4. crime scene report

A crime scene report can become a critical piece of the crime’s investigation and the perpetrator’s prosecution.

1. True
2. False

As discussed in Chapter 7, which of the following is not one of the three basic components of a crime scene report?

1. written part
2. photographs
3. diagrams/sketches
4. fingerprints

Some crime scene reports are completed using a narrative (written) format, while other crime scene reports are completed using a checklist format.

1. True
2. False

As presented in Chapter 7, which of the following is not considered a best practice for preparing compelling crime scene reports? Select all that apply.

1. Draw sketches if and only if you are unable to take photographs.
2. Use a systematic process to guard against leaving out any information.
3. Present only the facts.
4. Interpret and analyze the evidence.

According to Chapter 7, which of the following should be included in a crime scene sketch? Select all that apply.

1. doors and windows
2. which direction is north
3. date and time of the sketch
4. the mood at the scene

Instead of trying to draw actual objects (such as guns or knives), use symbols to represent objects when creating a sketch for a crime scene report.

1. True
2. False

When creating a sketch for a crime scene report, taking photographs makes it unnecessary to distinguish between sketches that are drawn to scale and those that are not.

1. True
2. False

Chapter 8 – Principle 7: Correctness

Test Bank

____ means free from error.

1. Complete
2. Concise
3. Clear
4. Correct

Which of the following are guidelines for developing correct communications? Select all that apply.

1. Learn about and target your audience.
2. Present only information that is true.
3. Maintain an assertive communication style.
4. Present information in proper form.

____ refers to an accurate reflection of reality.

1. Cognition
2. Truth
3. Justification
4. Knowledge

Incorrect information can create the impression that we are unethical and/or ignorant, which is inconsistent with fostering trust and projecting credibility.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not a rule for developing truthful communications?

1. Know the truth.
2. Ask no questions so you hear no lies.
3. Tell the truth.
4. Avoid untruths and half-truths.

____ is a justified true belief.

1. Reality
2. Cognition
3. Consciousness
4. Knowledge

Other than with common knowledge, we need to be cautious about assuming we know the truth.

1. True
2. False

To be correct, we must be truthful.

1. True
2. False

Part of truth-telling is using language in such a way as to distinguish between fact/truth and possibility/conjecture.

1. True
2. False

Where a(n) ____ is a statement you know or believe to be false, a(n) ____ is a statement you know or believe to be only partially true—a combination of truth and falsehood.

1. half-truth, untruth
2. exaggeration, improvisation
3. untruth, half-truth
4. improvisation, exaggeration

There are many situations wherein it is appropriate to tell untruths and half-truths.

1. True
2. False

Half-truths are probably more common than deliberate untruths in academic writing.

1. True
2. False

____ means conforming to accepted standards.

1. Subservient
2. Proper
3. Positive
4. Salient

Which of the following are strategies for presenting information properly? Select all that apply.

1. Use proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation.
2. Learn the rules.
3. Be consistent.
4. Remain objective and neutral.

Accepted standards for writing are universal. For example, there is only way correct way to spell each word.

1. True
2. False

A(n) ____ has a subject and verb and expresses one complete thought.

1. sentence fragment
2. run-on sentence
3. key term
4. complete sentence

A(n) ____ lacks a subject and/or a verb, and therefore does not express a complete thought.

1. sentence fragment
2. run-on sentence
3. key term
4. complete sentence

A(n) ____ expresses more than one complete thought.

1. sentence fragment
2. run-on sentence
3. key term
4. complete sentence

What is the flaw with the following underlined passage? According to the eyewitnesses, the assailant struck the victim on the back of the head with a baseball bat, at which point the victim fell to the ground. Which is how the police found him.

1. lack of subject–verb agreement
2. run-on sentence
3. sentence fragment
4. lack of parallel construction

Like many other writing styles, technical writing allows for sentence fragments.

1. True
2. False

A subject and verb must agree in number.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following sets of subjects and verbs agrees in number?

1. Those police agencies very infrequently works with interns.
2. The police agency have six exits.
3. Police agencies in cities have more exits than police agencies in towns and villages.
4. The number of exits reflect the size of the building.

The pronoun and noun it replaces must agree in number and gender.

1. True
2. False

Collective nouns (e.g., gang) referring to a unified group (e.g., a gang’s initiation process) should be treated as plural.

1. True
2. False

A vague pronoun reference is a situation wherein there is more than one noun to which a pronoun could refer.

1. True
2. False

Improper tense and inconsistent tenses can be unclear, confusing, and incorrect.

1. True
2. False

Adjectives and adverbs should be placed as close as possible to the word they modify.

1. True
2. False

Which verb tense is appropriate for describing conditions that will occur over a period of time in the future, such as how someone might be playing a tennis match next week.

1. future progressive
2. future
3. future perfect
4. future perfect progressive

Which verb tense is appropriate for describing conditions that occurred at a discrete (particular) time in the past, such as what time the opponent arrived at the tennis court?

1. past
2. past perfect
3. past progressive
4. past perfect progressive

Which verb tense is appropriate for describing conditions that occurred prior to other past conditions, such as noting that the tennis player had eaten a large breakfast before he arrived at the tennis court.

1. past
2. past perfect
3. past progressive
4. past perfect progressive

Which verb tense is appropriate for describing conditions that began in the past and ended in the present, such as how the tennis player has been bragging all morning.

1. present
2. past
3. past perfect progressive
4. present perfect progressive

To prevent monotony, similar ideas should be presented in different forms.

1. True
2. False

Parallel construction is irrelevant to PowerPoint and other presentation visual aids.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following lists is presented in parallel form?

1. Ann walked her dog, did her homework, and called her parents.
2. Ann walked her dog, she completed her homework, and she will call her parents.
3. Ann walks the dog, completed her homework, and calls her parents.
4. Ann dog walks, will complete her homework, and calls parents.

Which of the following is not a rule for when to capitalize?

1. names of theories, hypotheses, and laws
2. proper nouns
3. words at the start of a complete sentence
4. major words in titles and headings

Spellcheck is a reliable way to prevent just about any spelling errors.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following exhibits proper word choice involving commonly confused and misused terms?

1. There are nine principals of effective criminal justice communication.
2. Listening to that 3-hour lecture was torturous.
3. That newspaper article is slander!
4. Irregardless of income, defendants have the right to an attorney.

Which of the following exhibits proper word choice involving commonly confused and misused terms? Select all that apply.

1. The amount of water will effect the size of the plant.
2. The size of the plant is effected by the amount of water.
3. The amount of water affects the size of the plant.
4. The size of the plant is the effect of the amount of water.

Which of the following exhibits proper word choice involving commonly confused and misused terms?

1. I am so excited, I am literally on cloud nine.
2. From reading the report, I implied that there was no eyewitness.
3. The report inferred that there was no eyewitness.
4. There are fewer officers on duty in the afternoon than in the evening.

Which of the following contains the proper word among same- or similar-sounding words? Select all that apply.

1. I asked the witness to read the note allowed.
2. I allowed the witness to read the note.
3. The witness was asked to read the note aloud.
4. The judge aloud the witness to read the note.

Which of the following contains the proper word among same- or similar-sounding words? Select all that apply.

1. The husband gave his wife a sweet compliment.
2. The husband’s outfit complimented his wife’s outfit.
3. The wife graciously complemented her husband’s outfit.
4. The wife’s personality is a good complement to the husband’s personality.

Which of the following contains the proper word among same- or similar-sounding words? Select all that apply.

1. After being made to wash all the floors, the boy had learned his lessen.
2. Having a friend in jail can lesson the pain of incarceration.
3. Wearing gloves will lessen the damage to hands when you wash dishes.
4. I want to take lessons in piano.

Which of the following contains the proper word among same- or similar-sounding words? Select all that apply.

1. The evil man preys on the vulnerable people.
2. The religious man preys for the Lord to help vulnerable people.
3. The employer gave praise for all the volunteer workers.
4. The boy prays for a new toy.

We should use “that” in ____ clauses (which add information but are not essential to the sentence) and “which” in ____ clauses (which are essential parts of the sentence, the removal of which would alter the sentence’s meaning).

1. defining, nondefining
2. nondefining, defining
3. subject, predicate
4. predicate, subject

Use a comma to set off defining clauses but not nondefining clauses.

1. True
2. False

Words that sound the same but have different spellings (and meanings) are called ____.

1. synonyms
2. antonyms
3. variants
4. homophones

Only students need to worry about how to spell words properly.

1. True
2. False

In which of the following situations should a hyphen be used with compound adjectives? Select all that apply.

1. With a compound adjective preceding the noun being modified
2. With a compound adjective following the noun being modified
3. With compound adjectives where the first word is in comparative or superlative form
4. With compound adjectives where the first part is a number

A(n) ____ is a medium-length hyphen, which can be used to join two words of equal weight, such as “male–female” relationship.

1. em dash
2. en dash
3. apostrophe
4. slash

Which of the following statements illustrates proper use of its versus it is?

1. The car was red. It’s paint job was old.
2. The car was red. Its paint job was old.
3. The car was red. Its’ paint job was old.
4. The car was red. Its’s pain job was old.

To make a plural noun already ending in an “s” possessive, add an apostrophe and an “s”.

1. True
2. False

A(n) ____ is an abbreviation made by taking the first letter of each major word in a term/phrase, and then pronouncing the abbreviation as a word (e.g., PIN).

1. shortening
2. contraction
3. initialism
4. acronym

Which of the following is not a rule for proper use of abbreviations?

1. Introduce an abbreviation when you first mention the term that will be abbreviated.
2. Use the abbreviation consistently once it has been introduced.
3. Introduce an abbreviation whenever one exists for each term in the communication.
4. Only use Latin abbreviations within parentheses.

Which of the following is not a terminal point?

1. comma
2. period
3. question mark
4. exclamation point

If the last part of a sentence (for which a period is the appropriate terminal point) is an abbreviation ending in a period, then we do not add a second period.

1. True
2. False

In technical writing, the exclamation point is the most frequently used terminal point.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not a pausing point?

1. comma
2. semicolon and colon
3. em dash
4. hyphen

No pausing point should be over- or under-used.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following shows an inappropriate use (or lack of use) of a comma?

1. Last night, he called his mother.
2. The man called his mother, and then his mother called her brother.
3. The man, his mother and her brother arrived at the location.
4. The incident occurred on April 30, 2018, which was a Saturday.

Which of the following shows an inappropriate use (or lack of use) of a semi-colon? Select all that apply.

1. Tim’s favorite foods are pizza, cheeseburgers, and hotdogs; Jim’s favorite foods are Caesar salad, grilled salmon, and coconut shrimp; and Kim’s favorite foods are ice cream, cookies, and pies.
2. Pam loves Italian food; she eats it all the time.
3. Elise prefers sweet and sour chicken; pork fried rice; and beef and broccoli.
4. I would eat fajitas every day if I could, they are my favorite food.

Which of the following shows inappropriate use of punctuation surrounding quotation marks? Select all that apply.

1. The researchers concluded that “there are many reasons to believe that the public has a distorted understanding of the crime problem, the typical criminal, and the punishment process (Allen & Lee, 2018, p. 325).”
2. The researchers concluded that “there are many reasons to believe that the public has a distorted understanding of the crime problem, the typical criminal, and the punishment process (Allen & Lee, 2018, p. 325)”.
3. The researchers concluded that “there are many reasons to believe that the public has a distorted understanding of the crime problem, the typical criminal, and the punishment process” (Allen & Lee, 2018, p. 325).
4. The researchers concluded that there are many reasons to believe that the public has a distorted understanding of the crime problem, the typical criminal, and the punishment process” (Allen & Lee, 2018, p. 325).

According to the American Psychological Association (APA), there should be two spaces after a period between sentences.

1. True
2. False

Consistency is a necessary and sufficient condition for correctness.

1. True
2. False

If you cannot locate a rule for a particular writing situation, then you should create a logical rule for yourself to follow (drawing from the most appropriate existing rule) and then follow your rule consistently each time you encounter that same situation.

1. True
2. False

A(n) ____ is a critical analysis and assessment of a communication.

1. examination
2. inquiry
3. research
4. critique

The goal of a critique is to identify all the flaws in the communication.

1. True
2. False

When constructing a critique, one of the worst mistakes we can make would be to portray inaccurately that which we are critiquing.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following statements are true regarding the contents and structure of critiques? Select all that apply.

1. The focus of the beginning and middle is the communication being analyzed, while the focus of the end is the evaluation.
2. The paper should start with the purpose and process for the critique.
3. The result of your evaluation should be presented and defended in the middle.
4. The focus of the middle should be the communication being critiqued.

Which of the following is not one of the criteria for guiding a critique evaluation listed in Chapter 8?

1. Is the purpose clearly stated in the introduction?
2. Did the author achieve his/her stated purpose?
3. Is the author’s purpose interesting and/or important?
4. Are the author’s conclusions grounded in evidence?

Which of the following is not a best practice for developing a compelling critique?

1. Use concrete examples to substantiate your statements.
2. Spend most of your time providing a thorough overview of the communication.
3. Arrive at a conclusion that logically reflects the entire work.
4. Keep it professional.

A(n) ____ is an official documentation of an arrest that is written by a police officer.

1. crime report
2. information
3. arrest report
4. indictment

The general idea of an arrest report is for the arresting officer to capture his/her gut reactions, emotions, and feelings during the arrest.

1. True
2. False

The narrative section of an arrest report should present evidence and factual information.

1. True
2. False

Information should be presented in chronological order in an arrest report.

1. True
2. False

Present tense should be used consistently throughout an arrest report.

1. True
2. False

Present and interpret facts in arrest reports, including what you perceived and thought during the arrest event.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not a best practice for constructing a compelling arrest report?

1. Put the subject at the beginning of each sentence.
2. Use the passive voice.
3. Be specific and descriptive.
4. Identify the source of information.

Chapter 9 – Principle 8: Clarity

Test Bank

Communication is the process of transmitting information from sender to receiver. The process is judged a success to the extent that the receiver accurately decodes the message (i.e., understands the message in the way intended by the sender).

1. True
2. False

____ is the characteristic of a communication that is straightforward, unambiguous, and therefore able to be decoded accurately and with as little effort as possible.

1. Brevity
2. Conciseness
3. Inert
4. Clarity

However well-meaning, speakers can look uncaring and dishonest—and might even be perceived as trivializing a situation—when they engage in evasiveness and linguistic trickery to make a point.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not a guideline for developing clear communications?

1. Be explicit.
2. Prefer fancy to simple terms.
3. Be literal.
4. Prefer positive to negative constructions.

Which of the following is not a way to make a communication explicit?

1. Be direct
2. Be precise
3. Be ambiguous
4. Avoid equivocating

To be ____ is to be to the point.

1. direct
2. precise
3. specific
4. vague

Which of the following is a source of indirect language? Select all that apply.

1. Senders being uncomfortable with the more direct approach, wanting to avoid having to come right out and say something
2. Senders being unsure of his or her goals, thus taking a roundabout approach
3. Senders being aware of their goal, and thus targeting their goal unswervingly
4. Senders being overly concerned with word choice, thus taking too long to transmit the communication

It is more important to be direct than to be tactful.

1. True
2. False

____ refers to showing consideration for others and their situations.

1. Directness
2. Clear
3. Tactful
4. Eccentric

To be ____ is to be exact.

1. direct
2. precise
3. abstract
4. vague

We open ourselves to misinterpretation and various interpretations when we are vague.

1. True
2. False

We can prevent misunderstandings by being precise, which means…. Select all that apply.

1. being exact
2. using concrete, descriptive, and specific terms
3. using abstract, vague, and general terms
4. using fuzzy terms

Some words are too vague to carry much meaning.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not a weak term?

1. better
2. worse
3. different
4. cheaper

Pronouns can be a source of vagueness.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is a diluted term? Select all that apply.

1. honestly
2. literally
3. carefully
4. carelessly

Which of the following is a diluted term? Select all that apply.

1. epic
2. vary
3. epidemic
4. variable

____ means deliberately being unambiguous and evasive in an effort to avoid telling the truth.

1. Mercurial
2. Downplaying
3. Alienating
4. Equivocating

When we equivocate, there is a single, clear interpretation of what we say.

1. True
2. False

____ is the appropriate use of qualifiers to denote legitimate uncertainty.

1. Equivocating
2. Doublespeak
3. Hedging
4. Trimming

____ involves words that just about anyone should be able to understand; it is accessible.

1. Common language
2. Plain language
3. Jargon
4. Slang

____ is when novice writers replace simple terms with fancier terms in an effort to impress their audience.

1. Objectification
2. Gentrification
3. Sonoritis
4. Thesauritis

We facilitate effective communication by using simple terms.

1. True
2. False

Big words are not the best words unless they truly express the idea better than any smaller words.

1. True
2. False

Most of the time, a fancy term is better than its simpler equivalent.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following sets does not contain a fancy term and its simpler equivalent?

1. utilize 🡪 use
2. endeavor 🡪 try
3. organization 🡪 business
4. employ 🡪 use

Which of the following is not an approach to using simple rather than fancy terms, as discussed in Chapter 9?

1. Repeat key words instead of looking for synonyms in order to avoid being repetitious.
2. After finding a word in a thesaurus, look up the word’s definition in a dictionary.
3. Review your draft, looking for fancy terms that can be replaced with simpler terms.
4. Refuse to use words with more than 6 letters.

Which of the following is not a form of specialized language presented in Chapter 9?

1. slang
2. jargon
3. texting slang
4. abbreviations

____ is an informal way of saying something, which is known to and used by members of broad groups.

1. Slang
2. Doublespeak
3. Jargon
4. Cliché

IMO, WRU, and TBH are examples of ____.

1. doublespeak
2. colloquialisms
3. texting slang
4. jargon

____ is highly specialized language, which is understood by members of particular groups or professionals, and which therefore serves as informal code language between group members.

1. Slang
2. Jargon
3. Grouptalk
4. Doublespeak

Some slang and jargon expressions have made their way into everyday use.

1. True
2. False

To be ____ is to be metaphorical, while to be ____ means according to the exact meaning of words.

1. figurative, literal
2. literal, figurative
3. vague, specific
4. specific, vague

Figurative language is appropriate in most criminal justice communications, but literal language generally should be avoided in criminal justice communications.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is a problem with using figurative language in technical communications? Select all that apply.

1. It is too direct.
2. It can be difficult to translate across cultures and languages.
3. It can be perceived as threatening and/or coercive.
4. It can be used to disguise, inflate, or trivialize the reality of a situation and true meaning of a communication.

A(n) ____ is a delicate way to express something—a way of saying something without actually having to come right out and say it.

1. homophone
2. rumor
3. euphemism
4. pun

Which of the following is not a euphemism for poor?

1. economically disadvantaged
2. broke as a goat
3. unable to make ends meet
4. temporary negative cash flow

To be _____ is to intend to mean something other than, perhaps even opposite to, what is actually said.

1. ironic
2. didactic
3. trivial
4. obtuse

A(n) _____ is an exaggeration intended to emphasize and/or be funny.

1. euphemism
2. litotes
3. hyperbole
4. idiom

A(n) ____ is an understatement intended to emphasize and/or be funny.

1. euphemism
2. litotes
3. hyperbole
4. idiom

A(n) ____ is a collection of words that, taken together, has come to mean something other than what the individual words mean.

1. euphemism
2. litotes
3. hyperbole
4. idiom

Which of the following is an idiomatic expression? Select all that apply.

1. “under the weather” for sick
2. “miss the bus” for being too late to catch the buss
3. “hot potato” for controversial issue
4. “on the fence” for undecided on an issue

For our writing to have clarity, we should prefer negative constructions to positive constructions.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is a negative construction? Select all that apply.

1. Don’t you want to watch the movie?
2. Have you no preference for which movie we watch?
3. Might you be interested in a horror movie?
4. How can you not like that movie?

A double negative occurs when there are two negative terms in the same sentence.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is an example of a double negative?

1. I never want to not wear socks.
2. He is always wearing no socks.
3. Nobody is ever going to believe she wore unicorn socks.
4. You and no one else wear those socks!

A double negative is when we ask two questions at the same time.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not an example of a double-barreled question?

1. Is the street clean and safe?
2. Do you think we should move and get a bigger house, or stay where we are and do no home improvements?
3. Do you agree or disagree that we should move and get a bigger house?
4. Why do you want to move out of our house?

Plagiarism is but one form of unethical writing. Another form of unethical writing is presenting source material out of context, such that we give our audience the wrong impression of the point being made in the source.

1. True
2. False

A common part of online courses, a blog is a virtual message board, where users can submit a message and read and reply to other people’s messages.

1. True
2. False

Where an original post responds directly to the discussion forum assignment prompt, a reply post is a response to a (reply or original) post.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not a best practice for discussion forum posts? Select all that apply.

1. Explicitly address each component of the prompt.
2. Do not draw from the assigned readings; instead, draw from additional/outside readings.
3. Read all posts before submitting your own
4. Quote frequently rather than relying too heavily on your own words.

Discussion forum posts do not require in-text citations or References.

1. True
2. False

Expert witness testimony is the courtroom testimony of a lay witness.

1. True
2. False

Both the prosecution and defense can have expert witnesses.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following conditions must be satisfied for a person to testify as an expert witness? Select all that apply.

1. The expert’s testimony must be relevant to some material fact.
2. The expert witness must have both educational and professional (career) experience in the subject matter about which s/he will testify.
3. The expert must be qualified in the subject matter about which s/he will testify.
4. The expert witness must have testified in a similar case before without incident.

A key challenge in delivering effective expert witness testimony is striking the right balance between too much and not enough technical information.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following strategies is not recommended to help jurors understand the testimony of expert witnesses?

1. Present as much detail as possible to be thorough and provide context.
2. Avoid jargon and specialized terms.
3. Break down complex concepts.
4. Use graphics to illustrate complicated processes and points.

While an expert witness should not overshare, oversimplifying is a helpful way to communicate with jurors.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not a best practice for delivering compelling expert witness testimony?

1. Answer the question that was asked.
2. Understand the question.
3. Give truthful and polite yet irrelevant and harmless responses to opposing counsel’s questions.
4. Be prepared.

As an expert witness, if the answer to a question is a qualified yes (e.g., “Yes, but …”), then how should you respond?

1. Begin your response with the qualification.
2. Ask the attorney to rephrase the question.
3. Keep it simple, and just say yes.
4. Refuse to answer the question.

Which of the following is not a best practice for delivering compelling expert witness testimony?

1. Stick to the facts.
2. Respond quickly.
3. Tell the truth.
4. Remain calm.

Which of the following should an expert witness giving testimony not do? Select all that apply.

1. Maintain eye contact with the lawyer questioning him/her.
2. Take on the role of victim advocate.
3. Argue as needed with the lawyer on cross-examination.
4. Make his/her testimony accessible to laypeople.

Chapter 10 – Principle 9: Conciseness

Test Bank

____ writing involves using as few simple words as possible to make a point.

1. Concise
2. Candid
3. Clever
4. Coy

The foundation of conciseness is focus.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not a guideline for achieving concise communications?

1. Omit rhetorical questions.
2. Avoid obvious statements.
3. Reword clunky prepositional phrases.
4. Prefer quotations to paraphrases and summaries.

Being concise and to the point shows your audience that you value their attention and respect their time, which can foster trust.

1. True
2. False

____ is any word or group of words that has no meaning; they do not add information or advance the communication’s objective.

1. Anachronism
2. Archaism
3. Fodder
4. Filler

One form of filler is “bullshit.”

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is a wordy phrase, which should be replaced with its more concise equivalent?

1. due to the fact that
2. there can only be one
3. there is no excuse
4. unless there are any objections

Which of the following is a strategy for eliminating filler from written communications? Select all that apply.

1. Pretend that each word costs $1.
2. Try not to overthink or spend too much time on it.
3. Outline before we write the draft.
4. Write only one draft.

Which of the following is a strategy for eliminating filler from oral communications? Select all that apply.

1. Talk fast so there is less opportunity for filler.
2. Record ourselves so we can learn what filler we tend to use.
3. Try to replace filler with informative transitions.
4. Read our presentation word-for-word to our audience.

____ are overused, unoriginal, and generally meaningless—and they can trivialize a communication, making the speaker look ignorant and/or insincere.

1. Verbalizations
2. Trite expressions
3. Inoperative caveats
4. Transitions

A(n) ____ question is a question asked when no answer is sought.

1. reflexive
2. operative
3. rhetorical
4. one-way

Based on the information provided, which of the following underlined passages is an example of a rhetorical question? Select all that apply.

1. Do you know why? I’ll tell you why. Because….
2. And why would he report the accident? After all, he had already seen the victim drive off….
3. Who in here has experienced road rage? Raise your hands, please.
4. Is there a reason to believe he would be involved in a hit-and-run? A few years ago, he was caught in….

Generally speaking, we should answer, not ask, questions in technical communications.

1. True
2. False

A(n) ____ is a set of words that modifies some other part of the sentence.

1. compound subject
2. complex predicate
3. restrictive clause
4. prepositional phrase

A(n) ____ is a word that can be used as a preposition but instead is being used as part of a verb, such as “to” and “in.”

1. participle
2. pronoun
3. adverb
4. conjunction

There is no such thing as an appropriate and necessary prepositional phrase; all can be edited to be more concise.

1. True
2. False

A prepositional phrase contains….

1. a preposition at the beginning and a noun at the end.
2. a subject and a verb connected by a preposition.
3. a preposition and a particle separated by a conjunction.
4. a particle at the beginning and a verb at the end.

A(n) ____ word or collection of words is superfluous in that it is merely repeating information that appears elsewhere in the communication.

1. vague
2. abstract
3. concrete
4. redundant

Whether the material is important or not, as a rule, repetition is beneficial for the audience.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following sets of words are redundant?

1. final exam
2. completely full
3. past event
4. recent trend

Which of the following word pairs are redundant?

1. armed guard
2. circular drive
3. advance planning
4. partial payment

If something is really “needless to say,” then it should not be said.

1. True
2. False

If something should be said, then it is not “needless to say.”

1. True
2. False

The phrase “needless to say” does not belong in technical communications.

1. True
2. False

We should not insult our audience by saying something is “obvious.”

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not a common obvious statement that should be avoided?

1. It goes without saying
2. Of course
3. As a case in point
4. As plainly seen

A(n) ____ is when source material is repeated verbatim, using the exact same words and sentence structure to express the exact same idea.

1. paraphrase
2. summary
3. preposition
4. quotation

Quotation marks are required around any quote that is a complete sentence or more, but quotation marks are not needed around phrases or fragments.

1. True
2. False

The longer the quotation, the more compelling should be the reason for including it.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not an effective use of quotations?

1. The source makes a controversial statement
2. Using the source’s exact words acts “serves as a second voice” for the point you are making
3. You do not fully understand the material and might not be able to reword it accurately
4. Your communication will analyze the source, so you want the reader to see the actual source

A(n) ____ is when source material is relayed in our own words and sentence structure, using approximately the same amount of space to convey the source’s idea.

1. paraphrase
2. summary
3. preposition
4. quotation

Which of the following is not a feature of a proper paraphrase?

1. alters wording without changing meaning
2. keeps the basic sequence of ideas
3. retains the argument’s basic logic
4. replaces the argument’s basic examples

An in-text citation and quotation marks are needed for all paraphrases.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following are appropriate situations for paraphrasing? Select all that apply.

1. demonstrating how the source’s word choice and writing style reveal emotions
2. outlining sequential steps in a process
3. breaking down a complicated passage to help the audience understand
4. identifying the main points in a book

Paraphrasing can be a particularly effective way to demonstrate knowledge of the source material without disrupting the flow and tone of your communication.

1. True
2. False

A(n) ____ is when source material is relayed accurately using your own words and sentence structure as well as in substantially less space.

1. paraphrase
2. summary
3. preposition
4. quotation

When we paraphrase, we take a relatively big chunk of information and boil is down to its essence or main point.

1. True
2. False

Whether we paraphrase, summarize, or quote, we need to provide an in-text citation.

1. True
2. False

When we summarize, we use mostly the source’s own words.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following ways of incorporating source material is most consistent with the goal of concise writing?

1. quotation
2. paraphrase
3. duplicate
4. summary

If the source material is long as well as unclear and/or complicated, then we should ____ it.

1. summarize
2. quote
3. paraphrase
4. borrow

A(n) ____ is a concise summary of an article’s purpose, methods, and conclusion.

1. footnote
2. appendix
3. abstract
4. running head

A typical abstract is approximately how long?

1. 3 pages
2. 1 page
3. 1 sentence
4. 1/2 page

The job of the abstract is to summarize the paper.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following generally do not belong in an abstract? Select all that apply.

1. quotations
2. citations
3. definitions
4. examples

Which of the following is not a best practice for developing compelling abstracts?

1. Summarize each major section.
2. Include all pertinent details.
3. Use one tone consistently.
4. Use your own words.

One way to write a thorough and accurate abstract is to write the abstract last—after you have written the paper.

1. True
2. False

An original post on Twitter is called a(n) ____.

1. snap
2. tweet
3. blog
4. flip

To ____ is to repost or forward a post on Twitter.

1. reply
2. share
3. retweet
4. snip snap

Twitter posts can be up to but not above 500 characters of text, including spaces.

1. True
2. False

Despite the popularity of social media, fewer than 5% of police agencies currently use Twitter or any other social media platform.

1. True
2. False

As presented in Chapter 10, which of the following is not a reason why law-enforcement agencies use social media? Select all that apply.

1. gathering information about crime
2. announcing hirings, promotions, demotions, and firings
3. notifying the public
4. dating and match-making

Twitter is a way that police agencies can connect with citizens.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following are benefits of law-enforcement use of Twitter (and other forms of social media)? Select all that apply.

1. Twitter facilitates a more widespread and interactive form of citizen and community engagement.
2. Twitter allows the police to improve the accuracy of crime news reporting.
3. Twitter allows the police to reach a wide audience.
4. Twitter creates a safe environment for hate speech.

There appear to be two general styles of law-enforcement social media communications: true and false.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not a best practice for law-enforcement tweeting?

1. Have a social media presence and policy for your department.
2. Only tweet during emergency times so the community does not become desensitized.
3. Manage emergencies with frequent, informative, and serious tweets.
4. Use photos, videos, and other media to attract attention and enhance memory.

Chapter 11 – Presentation

Test Bank

Most Americans report a fear of public speaking.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not true about public speaking nerves? Select all that apply.

1. They are undetectable to audience members.
2. They are a very normal fight-or-flight reaction to perceived threat.
3. They must be conquered before you can give an effective presentation.
4. They can motivate you to take preparation seriously.

The best presenters do not need to bother with engaging their audience.

1. True
2. False

The more prepared you are, the more knowledgeable you will be. And the more knowledgeable you are, the more confident you will be.

1. True
2. False

We learn and remember more with our ears than with our eyes.

1. True
2. False

To build our credibility as a presenter, we should…. Select all that apply.

1. be prepared and knowing about the subject matter
2. acting confidence and maintaining eye contact
3. meeting the audience’s expectations
4. speaking quickly and quietly, and then leaving promptly when we finish speaking

Poster boards are the most standard form of visual aid used in professional presentations.

1. True
2. False

____ refers to the way we make some object appear in an attempt to make it more appealing or useful.

1. Illustration
2. Design
3. Format
4. Style

To create a PowerPoint presentation, begin by selecting one of PowerPoints many design options.

1. True
2. False

Simplicity and consistency are the two over-arching design principles in creating a PowerPoint theme.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following statements are true regarding PowerPoint designs? Select all that apply.

1. Flashy design elements will help your audience pay attention to and recall the key information later.
2. Flashy design elements can pull your audience’s attention away from you and your message.
3. Inconsistent design can confuse your audience.
4. Inconsistent design can make you look careless.

We need to take steps to avoid plagiarism in presentations the same as we would in papers.

1. True
2. False

____ means that the light color is very light, while the dark color is very dark.

1. Discrepant
2. High contrast
3. Low contrast
4. Concordant

If the room we are presenting in is light, when the ideal color scheme is….

1. dark blue on light yellow
2. light yellow on dark blue
3. black on white
4. white on black

The single most effective PowerPoint color scheme is….

1. light text on a light background
2. dark text on a light background
3. dark text on a dark background
4. light text on a dark background

Avoid using solid colors. Instead, prefer patterned backgrounds in PowerPoint slides.

1. True
2. False

It is a good practice to use PowerPoint’s plain white background.

1. True
2. False

If you choose to put your organization’s logo in your PowerPoint presentation, then… Select all that apply.

1. Make it large, watermarked, and in the center of slides
2. Make it small, clear, and in the corner of slides
3. Put it on every slide
4. Put it on the first and last slide

____ fonts have letters with no little feet, such as Arial and Calibri, while ____ fonts have letters with little feet, such as Times New Roman and Cambria.

1. Sans serif, serif
2. Serif, sans serif
3. Chopped, curved
4. Curved, chopped

To avoid repetition, use at least four fonts in a PowerPoint presentation.

1. True
2. False

In a PowerPoint, ____ fonts are recommended for text because they are easier to read on a projected screen.

1. sans serif
2. serif
3. chopped
4. curved

Which of the following is probably the safest way to emphasize certain text in a PowerPoint slide?

1. all caps
2. small caps
3. underlining
4. italics

We should not use all caps or small caps in PowerPoint presentations.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following statements are true about PowerPoint alignment? Select all that apply.

1. Center the text.
2. Put slide titles at the top or on the left.
3. Left-align the text.
4. Put slide titles at the bottom or on the right.

The introduction should be ___, the body should be ____, and the conclusion should be ____ of a PowerPoint presentation.

1. 30%, 40%, 30%
2. 40%, 20%, 40%
3. 10%, 80%, 10%
4. 33%, 33%, 33%

For each minute in your presentation, you want how many slides?

1. at least 3
2. 5
3. 6
4. no more than 1

Shorter presentations (e.g., less than 10–15 minutes) should make ____ points.

1. 2–3
2. 6–8
3. 1
4. 10–12

The ____ slide is to a PowerPoint what a Table of Contents is to a paper.

1. Overview
2. Title
3. Section
4. Pause

As presented in Chapter 11, a(n) ____ is a graphic that indicates how far into the presentation we are.

1. time piece
2. performance monitor
3. clock indicator
4. progress circle

The PowerPoint should be divided into major sections, with a “Section Header” slide identifying the title of each section.

1. True
2. False

Within each major section in a PowerPoint, all content slides should have the same title.

1. True
2. False

Which slide layout should be used for section slides?

1. Title Slide
2. Title and Content Slide
3. Section Header Slide
4. Blank Slide

Our choice of layout for content slides should be dictated by the point we are trying to make: We want to choose the layout that will best….

1. demonstrate our technological prowess
2. help our audience understand our message
3. change things up and thereby avoid monotony
4. create a distinctive PowerPoint design that sets us apart from all others

The last slide in a PowerPoint presentation should be the References slide.

1. True
2. False

In ____ style content slides, the title is a word or phrase at the top and the rest of slide contains content, usually in the form of a bullet or numbered list.

1. traditional
2. custom
3. assertion–evidence
4. point–counterpoint

Which of the following is true regarding the appropriate number of rows and words in bullet-point slides? Select all that apply.

1. Put a maximum of nine words in a line, with no more than nine lines on a slide and no more than nine text-heavy slides in a row.
2. Put a maximum of five words in a line, with no more than five lines on a slide and no more than five text-heavy slides in a row.
3. Put a maximum of 12 words in a line, with no more than 8 lines of text on a slide and fewer words in lines that have longer words.
4. Put a maximum of six words in a line, with no more than six lines of text on a slide and fewer words in lines that have longer words.

Which of the following is true regarding amount of text on a traditional-style content slide? Select all that apply.

1. Write in full sentences and/or paragraphs, avoiding using only key words and phrases.
2. Use as much text as needed to convey your message clearly and specifically.
3. Use the simplest words possible.
4. Use as few words as possible.

Which of the following is true regarding the size of text on a traditional-style content slide? Select all that apply.

1. Keep the font large.
2. Shrink the font as needed to make all the text fit on the slide.
3. In general, avoid going below 28-point font.
4. Use at least 60-point font if you are presenting in a large room.

In a(n) ____ style content slide, the title at the top is a statement, and the rest of the slide shows evidence supporting that statement, with the evidence usually in graphic form.

1. traditional
2. custom
3. assertion–evidence
4. point–counterpoint

Which of the following is a guideline for creating assertion–evidence-style slides? Select all that apply.

1. Give the slide a title that clearly states the assertion in no more than five lines.
2. Make the body of the slide a visual that serves as evidence of the assertion.
3. Only use graphics when absolutely necessary in the body of the slide. Prefer text.
4. Never exceed four lines of text in the body of the slide.

The assertion–evidence style is generally more effective than the traditional style.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not a benefit of the assertion–evidence style for PowerPoint slides?

1. Audiences remember better when material is presented in assertion–evidence than traditional style.
2. The lack of text makes it impossible for us to read off our slides.
3. The assertion–evidence style forces us to determine and succinctly articulate the single point we want to make for each slide.
4. The assertion–evidence style requires more work up front.

Which of the following is not a guideline for achieving simplicity in our slides, whether are slides are in traditional style or assertion–evidence style?

1. Give each slide a unique title.
2. Make one point per slide.
3. Prefer text to graphics.
4. Use as little text as possible.

Which of the following should we not do in our PowerPoint slides?

1. Use clipart, sounds, and other effects to jazz it up.
2. Break up large amounts of text onto separate slides.
3. Copy and paste sentences from our paper into the slides.
4. Put only essential material on the slides.

____ refers to a “representation and presentation of data that exploits our visual perception abilities in order to amplify cognition” (Kirk, 2012).

1. Data analysis
2. Data visualization
3. Graphic design
4. Data mining

A bullet list is rarely the best way to represent the point we are trying to make in a slide.

1. True
2. False

Data visualization is one approach to decorating slides.

1. True
2. False

Which type of graphic is used to present numerical information when you want to highlight differences across a few groups?

1. table
2. screenshot
3. diagram
4. bar graph

Which type of graphic is used to present numerical information when you want to show how a whole is distributed?

1. diagram
2. pictograph (or infographic)
3. pie chart
4. flowchart

Which type of graphic is used to present a process when you want to show how different choices lead to different outcomes?

1. logic (or decision) tree
2. map
3. table
4. checklist

Which of the following practices should be avoided when preparing a graphic? Select all that apply.

1. Ensure that important information stands out.
2. Using three-dimension, patterned, or shadowed graphics.
3. Using poor-quality, watermarked, and/or low-resolution images.
4. Rely heavily on color distinctions.

Unless it directly advances, highlights, reinforces, or clarifies the single point being made in the slide, leave it out.

1. True
2. False

There is never a good reason to use videos or sound clips in a professional PowerPoint.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following types of information is suitable for presentation handouts? Select all that apply.

1. contact information
2. URLs
3. main points
4. references/sources

It is usually best to wait until after your presentation before distributing handouts.

1. True
2. False

People are unlikely to deliver a successful presentation without having rehearsed multiple times.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not suggested by Chapter 11 for when we are preparing for a presentation?

1. Figure out how to pronounce all words.
2. Sleep under instead of on your bed.
3. Wean yourself off of a word-for-word script.
4. Anticipate questions from the audience.

The best way to cure presentation nerves is preparation and practice.

1. True
2. False

When giving a PowerPoint presentation, which of the following should we do before we start speaking?

1. Tell a couple jokes.
2. Apologize for our nerves and the rushed-nature of the presentation.
3. Tell the audience what a horrible public speaker we are.
4. Make sure the screensaver is off.

The single most important rule when delivering a presentation is: Do not read to the audience.

1. True
2. False

A presentation will be a failure if the presenter reads his/her slides to the audience, but it is perfectly fine to read verbatim off notecards, papers, or a phone.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following is not an example of a “review” used in presentations to help the audience follow along?

1. “As I said earlier…”
2. “This relates to the previous point…”
3. “I’ll return to this later…”
4. “To reiterate…”

Most successful presenters spend about 33% of the presentation time with their backs to the audience.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following are guidelines for delivering effective PowerPoint presentations? Select all that apply.

1. Be lively.
2. Apologize frequently.
3. Speak quickly and stay still.
4. Do not worry about the time.

Which of the following is a positive form of nonverbal communication?

1. raised eyebrow
2. looking away
3. eye contact
4. slow blink

Nonverbal communication such as fidgeting hands, shaking legs, and tapping toes frequently indicate anxiety and/or disinterest.

1. True
2. False

As a presenter, we are unlikely to have to answer questions from our audience, because there is no opportunity for audience members to ask questions.

1. True
2. False

Which of the following are suggestions for effectively handling a post-presentation question-and-answer (Q&A) session? Select all that apply.

1. Invite questions.
2. Repeat each question before you respond.
3. Show your emotions and passions.
4. Critique the question before answering it.